1. Vegetation concrete slope protection and greening engineering technology [1999, patented technology of Three Gorges University, Xu Wennian, Liu et al. ] is a new technology for protecting and greening rock slopes by using specific concrete formula and seed formula. The concrete method of vegetation concrete slope protection and greening engineering technology is: firstly, laying barbed wire or plastic net on the rock mass and fixing it with anchor nails and anchor rods. After the raw materials of vegetation concrete are mixed, they are sprayed on the rock slope with conventional anchor and shotcrete equipment to form vegetation concrete with a thickness of nearly 10cm. After spraying, it is covered with a layer of non-woven fabric, which is sunscreen and moisturizing. Cement makes the vegetation concrete form a protective layer with a certain strength. After a period of water conservation, the grass will cover the slope, remove the non-woven fabric, and the dense grass will grow naturally. Vegetation concrete slope protection greening engineering technology can solve the problem of rock slope protection greening once and for all. Vegetation concrete consists of cement, soil, humus, long-acting fertilizer, water-retaining agent, special additives and mixed green seeds. Cement is a kind of consolidated material with strength to achieve the purpose of engineering protection, and 425# cement is generally used; Soil is the basic substance for plants to provide nutrients and store nutrients for a long time, and loam or sandy loam (sand content is less than 5%) is generally used; Humus is the basic substance that gives priority to providing nutrients for plants and creating space for plant root growth. Generally, distiller's grains, sawdust and straw fiber are used. Long-acting fertilizer is a long-acting compound fertilizer for plant growth; Water-retaining agent absorbs water when the water is sufficient and provides water for plants when the weather is dry. Generally, water-retaining agent with particle size of 100 mesh is used. The main function of additives is to create a plant growth environment (patent of Three Gorges University, Liu); The mixture is preferably prepared according to biological growth characteristics. Generally, water-saving grass, ryegrass, Bermuda grass, Leymus chinensis, white clover, Robinia pseudoacacia, Leucaena leucocephala and Magnolia multiflora are used. 2. Ecological protection technology of vegetation matrix on rock slope (PMS technology) PMS technology is a high-tech that uses anchor rods, geotextiles and professional slope protection materials (vegetation matrix) to re-create good site conditions for plants on slopes with bare rocks and potential ecological damage. Through plant growth activities, anchor rods, geotextiles and professional slope protection materials gradually form a three-dimensional network structure with plant roots, thus achieving the purpose of stabilizing and greening the slope and finally forming a natural landscape. The core of this technology is plant matrix material, which is mainly composed of plant matrix (PGM), soil and plant seeds. The greening substrate is the substrate for the growth and development of vegetation seeds and roots. It is composed of organic matter, biological bacterial fertilizer, coarse and fine fibers, PH regulator, full-price slow-release fertilizer, water-retaining agent, disinfectant, loam and water, and its function is to ensure the nutrient balance and water balance needed for the long-term growth of vegetation. This greening technology can be applied to the following slopes in non-alpine areas with an average annual rainfall of 600mm: stable hard rock slopes with a slope less than 1: 0.3; Soft rock slope; The excavated soil slopes include bad soil slopes and acidic soil slopes. The artificial greening project of concrete surface and mortar rubble surface has simple structure and fast construction; The base plant has strong drought resistance and cold resistance; Unique nutrient slow-release supply; Easy construction and reasonable price; Ecological effect, natural harmony; Extensive management, simple maintenance and other advantages. 3. Grass-planting plastic soil-fixing net mat technology Grass-planting plastic soil-fixing net mat is a three-dimensional net mat, which looks like a loofah net. It is loose and elastic, and 90% of the net mat can be filled with soil, sand and fine stones. The net mat is made into a shape with a width of 1m and a length of 30m or 50m. Usually rolled into rolls, which is convenient for transportation. Because the roots of plants can grow comfortably, neatly and evenly through the subspace, the grown turf can firmly combine the net mat, grass roots and soil surface, and because the roots of plants can penetrate 30~50cm below the surface, a solid green composite protective layer can be formed on the slope surface, thus protecting the slope surface. In addition to ordinary plastic mesh mats, this product also has degradable mesh mats. The price of this net mat is 8 yuan /m2, and the cost of manual laying, sprinkling and protection varies according to different road conditions, which is about 8 ~ 18 yuan /m2, so the total cost is 18 yuan /m2. For the commonly used masonry methods, the total cost of labor and materials is about 50 yuan /m2, and the cost can be saved by more than 50% by using soil-consolidated net mat for slope protection. At the same time, the laying of net mat is a biological protection means, which plays an important role in greening, beautifying and purifying the highway environment, and has remarkable economic and social benefits. 4. The problems that should be paid attention to in applying the above technologies should be adapted to local conditions. In order to avoid blind investment, we can do the experimental section first, and then gradually promote it after gaining experience and effect. When applying vegetation concrete protection technology, we should pay attention to the selection of rock slope. The overall structure of rock slope must be stable, and the slope should not be greater than 60 degrees. Too large a slope is not conducive to the growth of plant roots. The slope should be as flat as possible, and the loose gravel should be cleaned to prevent the top of the slope from being directly washed by ditches. In the application of vegetation matrix ecological protection technology, it should be noted that the core is vegetation matrix, and there are many formulas, which can be adjusted individually according to different regional conditions, climate conditions, slope types, slopes, vegetation types, soil conditions, construction conditions and other factors. Attention should be paid to the application of plastic net mat technology in grass planting: when sowing grass seeds, it should be carried out in the season when the soil is wet or after rain, and the soil moisture should be maintained after sowing. After sowing grass seeds, the soil moisture content should be 40~50%. After the seedlings grow, water conservation should be continued until the grass grows well to prevent the seedlings from dying due to drought. When watering, when grass seeds are washed out of the soil by water, cover the soil in time. After the grass seeds are washed away by water, they should be replanted in time to prevent uneven emergence. When sowing grass seeds, the soil of grass seeds should not be too thick. The specific thickness depends on grass species and soil moisture, and is generally controlled at around 1cm to prevent grass buds from being unearthed. Weeds on the slope should be removed in time before the sown grass grows well, so as not to affect the growth of sown grass seeds. It is not advisable to leave a gap in the middle of the paving mat to ensure a good lap joint between the two plates, and the edge of the mat should be buried to prevent the mat from being washed away and damaging the slope. The selection of grass seeds should be based on the local climatic conditions, and the grass seeds with long and developed roots should be selected, preferably interplanting with perennial shrubs. After decades of development, spray seeding slope protection technology has produced many methods, which need scientific classification. Since the spraying slope protection greening method was introduced into China, a large number of messy technical terms have appeared, which also need to be reasonably standardized.
At present, the professional terminology of spray seeding slope protection greening technology in domestic engineering and academic circles is: "hydraulic spray seeding" (Wang Zhiyao et al.,1999); "Hydraulic spray seeding" (Li Heping,1999); Exotic Soil Spraying (Du Juan, 2000); "Rapid greening by mixed spraying" (Zhang Hengjiang et al., 2000); "Mixed spray greening" (Xiao Biao et al., 2001); "Mixed spray planting" (Ying Zhou et al., 2001); Planting Grass by Spraying Concrete (Admiralty, 20065438+0); Vegetation Concrete (Xu Wennian, Liu, et al. , 200 1); "Spray seeding greening of organic substrates" (Wang Dong et al., 2003); In addition, there is also the saying of "foreign soil blowing" in the engineering field, and the translation nouns include "fiber soil greening method", "high-grade aggregate SF greening method" and "continuous fiber greening method".
In just a few years, there are so many technical terms in the field of slope protection and greening by spray seeding, which explains two problems: 1, the application and promotion of slope protection and greening by spray seeding is very fast, and it has been widely promoted in China; 2. Some units want to be unconventional in order to take the lead in marketing. But in fact, some domestic units do not master the core technology, but only speculate on the concept. Even, some units are stealing other people's patented technology, in order to hide people's eyes and ears, and find another new term to name the existing spray seeding slope protection greening technology.
In order to standardize these technical terms, it is necessary to scientifically classify the spray seeding slope protection greening technology. Throughout the emergence of spray slope protection greening technology, the author believes that it can be classified from the following three aspects:
First, the formula of the spray mixture.
B, spraying method, that is, mechanical equipment, spraying the dry and wet state of the mixture.
C. Use other greening methods and materials. As an environmental protection technology, slope greening must adhere to the following principles:
(1) safety principle: slope stability and safety must be ensured during greening, and slope protection should be considered.
(2) Coordination principle: Slope greening must be coordinated with the surrounding environment.
(3) Permanent principle: Slope greening must be done once and for all. Avoid manual maintenance management in the future.
(4) The principle of economy: Economic rationality must be considered in proper greening methods.