Who invented the mauser pistol? Great gods, help!

Box gun, also called mauser gun in China, is officially called Mauser military pistol. Mao Se factory was patented on189565438+February 1 1, and it was officially put into production the following year. Because its holster is a wooden box, it is also called a box gun in China; If equipped with 20 magazines, it is called a pot-bellied box. Its gun body is very wide, so it is also called the big mirror. The machine with full automatic function, also known as reducer, was first developed and manufactured in Spain, and then finalized and manufactured in Mao Se factory, named Schnellfeuer. It was mass-produced in May of 193 1. Another name that few people know is the self-propelled pistol. Many people think that only the rapid-fire type is self-propelled, which is incorrect. In fact, in China, Zilai has always been a more formal generic term for this kind of pistol. In the archives of the War Department of Beiyang Government, there is a document:1965438+In September 2002, the War Department and German businessmen and foreign firms (Carlowitz &; Co.) Signed a contract to buy: "Qili, Liusan, self-made Mao Se pistol, 200 rounds, 500 rounds each with wooden handle, and the price is 58 taels of silver. * * * Gong Jingfa's total amount is eleven thousand six hundred and twenty pieces of silver. Tianjin wharf delivery. Tariffs are outside. " This is the proof that the word "self-extricating pistol" was used in the first year of the Republic of China, and it may be one of the earliest examples seen in public bamboo slips. The rapid-fire style did not appear until nearly 20 years later. In the United States, due to the shape of the grip, it is generally called a broom handle, and the Chinese translation is also called a box gun. Many people call the rapid-fire model 7 12, saying that it is made in Mao Se. Actually, this is the catalog number of GECO, which has nothing to do with Mao Se. Many people also call the box gun C96 (Construction 96–96), which is a common name in Europe. Originally, it specifically refers to the short-tube box gun. Like Bolo, it is what some people call the police type. Bolo, a Bolshevik from Russia (another name for CPSU and party member), was widely used at that time. [Edit this paragraph] The invention of the box cannon According to legend, the box cannon was designed by Fidler, Friedrich and Josef Feedle of Mao Se factory by chatting in their work and leisure time. Why is it controversial? However, the last patentee of the gun was Mao Se, the owner of Mao Se Arsenal, so some people took this as proof of Mao Se's active participation. However, Germany's patent law allows companies to be named by inventors as representative applicants and patent owners, unlike the United States, and then transfer patent rights. However, it was Mao Se himself who applied for a patent for the box gun in the United States. So mauser pistol is also called Mao Se pistol. The second reason is that after the end of World War II, the American military commander stationed in the Mao Se factory, knowing what medicine he had taken, ordered the records of the Mao Se factory to be burned with torches. Since then, Mao Se rifles and Mao Se pistols all over the world have lost their birth certificates, so everyone has to guess. The burned records also include documents such as research and development logs, so it is still controversial who invented the box gun. Box gun, also known as Fidler pistol in Mao Se factory, is another proof that the three brothers have a lot to do with it. German mauser guns have been mass-produced for 40 years, and the interior has hardly changed. It can be said that the original design is almost perfect and there is nothing to improve. Dismantling mauser guns basically requires no tools. Only one bullet of a mauser pistol can disarm the gun. The box gun is a typical ugly and almost romantic one. [Edit this paragraph] There are four sources of box guns in China: 1. China's box guns are produced by means of machines. The material and processing quality of this box gun are very good. Although it is still impossible to get rid of manual assembly and parts cannot be interchanged, on the whole, it can almost compete with imported products. Known manufacturers at least include Hanyang Arsenal, Gongxian Arsenal, Dagu Shipyard, Shanxi Military Craft Practice Factory, Chongqing Ordnance Repair Institute, Hengyang Ordnance Bureau, etc. Data of Mao Se 7.63 mauser gun made in China (published by Ministry of War in September, 1947): total length: 288mm; total weight: 1. 16kg; barrel length (with chamber): 132mm; caliber: 7.63mm; caliber range:/kloc-0. Right-handed double-track winding: 200mm aiming baseline length: 230mm loading mode: magazine 2. Production by machine shops, factories and teams: This kind of box gun is an army machine maintenance team, which not only repairs guns, but also makes some ordnance. For example, the Northwest Machine Repair Shop in Song Dynasty, the Chaling Machine Repair Shop in Xiangxi, and the Fourth Lianggou Research Institute of the Eighth Route Army. There is a big gap between this material and quality. Some mechanical repair shops have good equipment and materials, so their products are better. Because the source of steel was cut off, most of the mechanical repair shops behind enemy lines were railway steel. 3. Private mobile gun maintenance and manufacturing vendors: This is a special industry, just like going to a doctor. Hebei, Henan, Sichuan and other places are mentioned in historical materials. From one person to several people, make guns for local tyrants and small army bandits, live in one place for ten and a half months according to the wishes of customers, and build them by hand. Its quality varies from person to person, and it is generally branded with all the marks of the original factory, which is vivid. Of course, some of them are printed and unintelligible. Maybe they don't look like the original guns, but the master taught them to pass them. Many of these guns are ugly and useless. It's okay to shoot a few times, but if you shoot too much, something will go wrong. Many surface treatments are rough, and you can tell at a glance that they are handmade. Many of these gun dealers were absorbed by China during the Anti-Japanese War and became China's military industry. Imported goods: The main sources are Germany and Spain, and they are imported through foreign firms in Shanghai and Tianjin. There is a document1September, 924 10. The War Department signed a contract with Tianjin Suntech Shichang Foreign Firm to purchase: "A new German Mao Se pistol with a caliber of 763mm and a barrel of 96mm and a caliber of 1000 m-1700 rod, together with an empty wooden handle. The barrel of this box gun is only 3.77 inches, which is quite special. 1934 March 12, Li, deputy manager of CITIC Bureau, reported to Chiang Kai-shek: (9) Handguns: "On behalf of the Chairman, he ordered 5,000 pistols and 20 shells from Chongqing. According to the inspection, it was found that one was made in Mao Se, and two were copied in Spain (note: Astra, Super Blue, Royal), and the price was in Spain. Although the structure of the German gun is relatively strong, the gun shaft is slightly short, so that the range is less than 200 meters. If German guns are required to be lengthened when ordering, such as Spanish guns, the range should be the same. In addition, the chairman once sent a telegram to Chajek pistols. After investigation, it was found that the Czech factory did not sell this clam shell, so it merged. "1936, Ministry of Finance of the National Government, in the expenditure list, there is an item" Buy 20,000 pistols, 20 rounds of bullets, 20 million rounds ",with an amount of * * * 2.8 million French francs. Another example is Chiang Kai-shek's telegram to China in business counselor and Boyu Tan: "Wuchang, 1938 March 1: Berlin. Mr. Boyu Tan, Embassy of China: Mi. Please immediately order 300 mortars from Germany, each with 3000 shells. It would be better if it is in stock. We also bought 20,000 pistols and 20 shells, each with 2,000 rounds of ammunition. If there is no stock, we can buy other pistols. The sooner the better, please quote in detail as soon as possible. Zhongzheng. "Many German box guns imported through commercial channels have the Chinese words" Made in Germany "printed on the left side of the magazine. 20 gun boxes, exported to China, loaded with guns. Some people think that the box gun is 10 rounds, which is not correct. Actually, there are six rounds, 10 rounds, and 20 rounds. The first two rounds are fixed magazines, and the last two rounds are mostly external. There are also 20 fixed magazines, but they are extremely rare. As can be seen from the above documents, from before the Anti-Japanese War to the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, all the purchases made by China were set at 20 rounds, which were of course allocated to the Central Army. Therefore, it is not entirely correct to say that the Central Army mainly distributes 10 Mao Se pistols. In the 40-year history of producing box guns in Mao Se, there is almost no change in the interior. It can be said that the original design is almost perfect and there is nothing to be improved. Generally, there are names such as 19 12 and 1920. In fact, these models have never been used in Mao Se factories, and most of them were given by collectors later. Because of the loss of the original records, collectors now use serial numbers to determine the year of production, and also distinguish them according to the characteristics of box guns. The items are as follows: 1. The shape of the hammer and the size of the round hole on the hammer. The earliest hammer had a conical protrusion, which was later changed into a big round hole and finally changed into a small round hole. The rapid-fire hammer is different from other small round holes, and there are six kinds of one * * *. 2. The grain on the surface of the gun body. At first, there were dents in the car, then a model with smooth surface was produced, and finally it returned to the surface of the car model, with at least twelve different surfaces. Third, the sense of grip. Hong Jiu (Red 9) has its own system. There are two kinds, at least fifteen different grip methods. Four. After 1930, including rapid-fire type, it was replaced with universal safety membrane. When the insurance is released, pull the trigger and the hammer can fall safely without touching the firing pin. Before that, there were three different designs of bursting discs. 5. firing pin. In the early days, it was fixed with locking pieces, then with single tenon, and finally changed to double tenon. There are three different types. 6. There are two sizes of shell-withdrawing hooks. There are also different barrels, doors, lettering and so on. By these two methods, the production time of Mao Se pistol can be roughly determined. But sometimes there are conflicts, because Mao Se factories sometimes produce a batch of pistols with old parts, so this appraisal method can only roughly indicate the year of manufacture. [Edit this paragraph] The action principle of the box gun adopts the principle of short recoil. See the picture. The locking lug is sleeved under the sliding sleeve, the front part is clamped in the frame of the locking mechanism, and the upper part is embedded in two grooves below the bolt. When firing, the recoil makes the barrel and barrel elongate and the bolt move backward, and the barrel is still locked. Because the front end of the locking tenon is hooked on the main spring, it has a short free stroke. Because of the groove above the locking unit, when the locking tenon is forced to move backward, it can only tilt downward clockwise, so it comes out of the groove of the bolt. See the picture. At this point, the barrel and sliding sleeve (omitted in the figure) stop retreating, because the locking tenon is still under it. Because the tenon came out, the bolt was able to move freely and continue to strike while the iron is hot and throw the shell. Finally, due to the exhaustion of force, the recoil spring pushed the bolt back to reload and returned to the state of being hit. During the whole process, the locking tenon moves clockwise and counterclockwise around the front end. Descendants of P-38, Bei Leita 92, etc. , it's all the same, it's all called falling block latch. The action principle of rapid-fire type Before mentioning the automatic operation principle of rapid-fire type, let's compare the differences between rapid-fire type and ordinary box gun components. See the picture. 1. Under the hammer, the rapid-fire type has several carved horns. 2. On the rear side of the locking unit, a groove is added in the rapid-fire type for the movement of the grappling hook. 3. On the left side behind the barrel and sliding sleeve, the groove is obviously longer. 4. Fixed magazines and plug-ins. A rapid-fire type that can fire fully automatically, with a selection button on the left side of the gun. When the button is in semi-automatic state, all operations are the same as those of ordinary box guns. When it comes to turning to full automation, the situation is very different. First of all, the trigger is held by the button, so as long as the trigger is pulled, the trigger will not slip away, but will always be pressed. In other words, lost the ability to grasp iron. At the same time, the hook lever (indicated by red line) is pushed back by the selection button and pushed to the working position. The figure only shows the interaction between the hammer and the grappling hook during operation. 1. The hook has been pushed into the automatic gear, and the hammer is in the firing position. When the bolt is pulled for the first time, the hammer is still controlled by the spring. 2. When the trigger is pressed for firing, the bolt moves backward, the hammer is pressed down, and the hammer is buckled by the hook. Due to the action of the return spring, the bolt is returning to its original position. 3. After the bolt returns to its original position, push back the sliding sleeve, push the grappling hook, loosen the hammer and fire again. This design is to ensure that the gun chamber is locked before firing. In this cycle, as long as you pull the trigger, you will keep firing until the magazine runs out of bullets. This is Mao Se's rapid-fire operation mechanism. After mass production, the 1000th aircraft was sold to China, with serial numbers from 1000 1A to 10 1000a. Prior to this, Spain had produced automatic box guns. However, some automatic pistols produced in Spain do not have the above hook design, but only use the reset of the bolt to strike the iron, so it is possible to fire the gun chamber without completely locking. [Edit this paragraph] The practical box gun is a cute and ugly standard model, almost romantic. Few guns in history have such a positioning. Maybe that's the case. When I was filming Star Wars, all I thought about was replacing Hansel's laser pistol with a box gun. When the musket was successfully developed, semi-automatic pistol had just started, and no army in the world had used semi-automatic pistol as a standard weapon. Mao Se knew that if he wanted to succeed, he had to get a major military contract, so he named this box of guns Mauser Military Pistol 1896, hoping to get a military contract. However, contrary to expectations, until 1939, when the Mao Se factory stopped production, no country in the world adopted the box gun as the standard weapon of the army. The production of box guns has been delayed for forty years. Mao Se factory is estimated to be about 1896, and Mao Se Arsenal hopes to produce muskets for the Germans. However, it was not until 1939 that mauser guns were discontinued in Mao Se factory that no country in the world adopted mauser guns as the standard weapons of the army. In these decades, it is estimated that Mao Se factory has produced about one million different mauser guns. The imitation production in other countries is several times that of this one. Not because the mauser gun is of poor quality, but because it is 1. The price of guns is too high. It is too big to equip the European army as a pistol. 3. As a submachine gun, it is difficult to control the muzzle jump. 4. Before fully automatic shooting, it is necessary to combine the wooden gun box on the gun body as the butt to control the muzzle jump, which is complicated to operate and difficult to carry. It's really a dilemma. The east is not bright and the west is bright. The so-called defects do not cover up Yu. Mauser guns are really popular with users in China. In the first half of the 20th century, China was in dire straits, and warlords of various factions were in melee, and weapons were badly needed. At that time, the Japanese controlled the western arms exports to China, but the Mauser was not among them as a pistol, so the Mauser became the first choice of the armed factions. In China's struggle against imperialism, feudalism and aggression, the people's armed forces also seized a large number of enemy weapons to arm themselves. Therefore, the People's Army is also equipped with such mauser guns in large quantities. Zhu Deyong, commander-in-chief of the uprising troops who fired the first shot of Nanchang Uprising, used a mauser pistol. At that time, many gunmen in China carried more than two mauser guns, one with a wooden holster, and the other with a sight worn flat and inserted in the belt for easy shooting. For example, when General Yang Jingyu died, he carried three mauser guns, a 9mm long barrel (long aiming box), a 9mm standard barrel (large box) and a 7.63mm short barrel (small box). The most interesting thing is that China people have come up with a very simple method, which not only solves the problem of gun jump, but also turns it into the advantage of automatic rapid-fire shooting-the gunman holds the mauser gun in his right hand, pulls the gun to the rapid-fire gear, lifts the gun up with his palm, reaches to the left front, pulls the trigger, and the gun jumps up to make the mauser gun shoot from the left front to the right front; Shoot from the right front to the left front when the palm of your hand raises the gun downward; Holding a gun in your left hand is exactly the opposite-it's really a stroke of genius, turning stone into gold and turning decay into magic! China people should have deeper feelings for box guns than others, because the number of box guns used in China absolutely exceeds that of any other country. General Feng Yuxiang even equipped a pistol brigade with mauser guns, and each brigade had two mauser guns and a broadsword. It is estimated that there are at least 400,000 box guns in China. If Mao Se produces/kloc-0.00 million box guns, and the remaining 500,000 are counterfeit, China will account for nearly one third. After the end of World War I and the defeat of Germany, due to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany destroyed a large number of box guns, further reducing their number. The box gun is equipped with 10 rounds of 7.63 mm bullets and a bridge clamp, which shows that the box gun is uncomfortable to use in modern pistols, and the design of the grip is not anyone's hand. China people, who are deeply influenced by box guns, also use this grip when copying other types of pistols. In terms of caliber, the original design was 7.65mm borchardt, because it was the first semi-automatic pistol produced at that time, and borchardt was not successful. Later, it was improved to P-08 Ruger and became a famous gun. When the box gun was officially produced, it was changed to 7.63x25mm, also known as 30 Mao Se, which was very popular and was the main caliber until it was discontinued. Russian also used a large number of short-tube box guns called Bolo, and its popularity can be seen from the fact that the later 7.62x25mm tokarev bullet was exactly the same as the 30 Mao Se. After the First World War, Germany converted many box guns into 9mm, and the two sides of the grip were engraved with big red 9 characters to show the difference, which collectors called red 9. It is easy to change the Mao Se from 30 to 9 mm, because the bottom diameters of the two are almost the same, and the bullets of 9 mm are shorter, so everything can remain the same except the inner diameter of the bore and barrel. Compared with 9 mm bullet and 7.63 bullet, the bridge clamp is 10 bullet. China Shanxi Military Technology Practice Factory once produced 1 1.43mm(45 ACP) caliber box guns. Because it was mass-produced in 17 of the Republic of China, it was called 17. The right side of the gun body was engraved with the production year, such as "Republic of China 18 golden stove" and the left side was "17", all of which were seal characters. This is the only example of producing this caliber box gun in the world, so it is very famous among collectors. In recent years, China has mixed old and new parts and exported them to the United States in large quantities. Inscriptions are readily available, and prices naturally plummet. The other is a rapid-fire modified box gun, also from China. On the left side of the gun body, there are gears and bows of the Ministry of War. On the right there is an emblem similar to Tai Chi diagram and the words "uninvited pistol". Change the caliber to 9mm, and the price is only half of 45 caliber. The gun shell is newly produced, and there is no selection button, which is inconsistent with the original gun. Moreover, there is no date of production printed on the word "self-provided pistol", such as 32- 1 1, 32 years of the Republic of China1/production. See the schematic diagram of 20-ring box gun. A very interesting feature of the box gun is that the holster is turned upside down on the handle and immediately becomes a submachine gun and a shoulder-fired weapon. This was a very conservative practice at that time. After it was introduced into China, it became a routine. Both Bai Langning (8-inch/KOOC-0/900 model), revolver and Mao Se (/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/2-/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/4 model) are endowed with this function. This is also circumstantial evidence that box guns have a far-reaching impact on the development and use of ordnance in China. Mao Se Factory also produces gun-riding models with long tubes and gun butts, but the output is not much, and Otani Shipyard also produces a small amount. The formal loading method of the box gun is the same as that of the Mao Se rifle. Use 10 circular bridge clamp to press from above. Whether it is 7.63mm or 9mm, the same bridge clamp can be used. If not, you can also use a 5.56x45mm bridge clamp. If there is no bridge clamp, the fixed magazine type can hardly be used. It needs one hand to pull the bolt, the other hand to load it, and two legs to hold the gun at the same time. Another interesting thing about Mao Se is its photo gate, which is as high as 800 or 1 1,000m! Of course, this is meaningless. Even if someone can aim at the target of 1000 meters with a pistol, even if 7.63mm is a bullet with high initial velocity, there will be no power when it flies 1000 meters. 7.63 mm, 9 mm bullets and bridge clips. 7.63x25mm bullet data (extracted from the data of 7.63 musket made in Mao Se, China, released by the Ministry of War Industry in September, 1947) muzzle velocity: 425 m/s (1395 ft/s) muzzle vitality: 50.6 m-kg bullet weight: 5.5g (85g) total bullet weight:. In practical application, 50 meters is a reasonable distance, and with the butt of the gun, it can shoot the target about 100 meters. It is a bit difficult to go further. The tenon of the box gun is installed at the right rear of the sliding sleeve. However, due to the long barrel and long effective range of mauser pistol, as long as it is roughly aimed, the hit rate is very high, which basically refers to where to hit. Even if the sight is leveled, some sharpshooters can still hit the wires 200 meters away at will.