Laplace (1749 ~ 1827)
Laplace is the main founder of celestial mechanics, one of the founders of celestial evolution, the founder of analytical probability theory and the precursor of applied mathematics. Laplace mathematically proved that the orbital size of the planet only changes periodically, which is the famous Laplace theorem. He has published more than 27 papers on astronomy, mathematics and physics, with a total of more than 4,6 pages. Among them, the most representative monographs are Celestial Mechanics, Cosmic System Theory and Probability Analysis Theory. In 1796, he published The Cosmic System Theory. He is known as the father of Newton and celestial mechanics in France for studying the dynamics of solar system stability.
9 Leibniz 1646.7.1—1716.11.14
Germany's most important natural scientist, mathematician, physicist, historian and philosopher, a rare scientific genius in the world, was the founder of calculus with Newton. He read widely and dabbled in encyclopedias, making indelible contributions to enriching the treasure house of human scientific knowledge.
Madame Curie (1867 ~ 1934)
In 1898, French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium-bearing materials could emit a mysterious ray, but failed to reveal the mystery of this ray. Mary and her husband Pierre? Pierre curie)*** undertook the work of studying this kind of ray. They separated and analyzed pitchblende under extremely difficult conditions, and finally found two new elements in July and December, 1898. Madame Curie, Marie Curie, was a French scientist originally from Poland. She and her husband, Pierre Curie, were both early researchers of radioactivity. They discovered the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra), so they worked with French physicist Henry. Bekkerel shared the 193 Nobel Prize in Physics. After that, Madame Curie continued to study the application of radium in chemistry and medicine, and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1911 for separating pure metal radium.
Seven Euler (177-1783)
The most outstanding mathematician in the 18th century, and one of the greatest mathematicians in history, is called "the embodiment of analysis". Euler's profound knowledge, endless creative energy and unprecedented rich works are amazing! He published papers from the age of 19 until he was 76, and wrote a vast number of books and papers for more than half a century. It can be said that Euler was the most prolific outstanding mathematician in the history of science. According to statistics, during his tireless life, * * * wrote 886 books and papers (more than 7 volumes, eight volumes of Newton's complete works and twelve volumes of Gauss's complete works), of which analysis, algebra and number theory accounted for 4%, geometry. Up to now, Euler's name can be seen in almost every field of mathematics, from Euler line of elementary geometry, euler theorem of polyhedron, Euler transformation formula of solid analytic geometry, Euler solution of quartic equation to Euler function in number theory, Euler equation of differential equation, Euler constant of series theory, Euler equation of variational calculus, Euler formula of complex variable function, etc., and the number is countless. His contribution to mathematical analysis is more original. Introduction to infinitesimal analysis is his epoch-making masterpiece, when mathematicians called him "the incarnation of analysis".
Six Gauss (April 3, 1777-February 23, 1855)
A famous German mathematician, physicist, astronomer and geodesist. Gauss is regarded as the most important mathematician and has the reputation of prince of mathematics. Gauss's mathematical research covers almost all fields, and has made pioneering contributions in number theory, algebra, non-Euclidean geometry, complex variable function and differential geometry. He also applied mathematics to the study of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism and invented the principle of least square method. Gao Li's research on number theory was summarized in Arithmetic Research (181), which laid the foundation of modern number theory. It is not only an epoch-making work in number theory, but also one of the rare classics in the history of mathematics. Gauss's important contribution to algebra is to prove the basic theorem of algebra, and his existence proof opens up a new way of mathematical research. Gauss got the principle of non-Euclidean geometry around 1816. He also deeply studied the complex variable function, established some basic concepts and discovered the famous Cauchy integral theorem. He also found the double periodicity of elliptic functions, but these works were not published before his death. In 1828, Gauss published A General Study on Surfaces, which comprehensively and systematically expounded the differential geometry of spatial surfaces and put forward the theory of intrinsic surfaces. Gauss's surface theory was later developed by Riemann. Gauss published 155 papers in his life. He was very strict about learning and only published what he thought was very mature. His works include Geomagnetism Concept and On the Universal Law of Gravitation and Repulsion which is inversely proportional to the square of distance.
five Mendeleev
Mendeleev's greatest contribution was the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements. This is called Mendeleev's periodic law. In February 1869, Mendeleev compiled a periodic table including all 63 elements known at that time (Table 1). In March of the same year, he entrusted N.A. Menshutkin to read a paper entitled "The Relationship between the Properties of Elements and Atomic Weight" at the Russian Chemical Society, and expounded the main points of the periodic law of elements: ① Elements arranged according to the size of atomic weight show obvious periodicity in nature. ② The size of atomic weight determines the characteristics of elements. ③ The discovery of many unknown simple substances should be expected, for example, it is expected that there should be elements with atomic weights between 65 and 75 similar to aluminum and silicon. (4) After the similar elements of some elements are known, the atomic weight of the element can sometimes be corrected.
Four Maxwell (James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879)
Maxwell is mainly engaged in electromagnetic theory, molecular physics, statistical physics, optics, mechanics and elasticity theory. In particular, his electromagnetic field theory, which unifies electricity, magnetism and optics, is the most brilliant achievement of the development of physics in the 19th century and one of the greatest syntheses in the history of science. He predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. This theory has been fully verified by experiments. He erected a monument to physics. Radio technology that benefits mankind is developed on the basis of electromagnetic field theory.
Three Hilbert from 1862 to 1943
Hilbert was one of the mathematicians who had a profound influence on mathematics in the 2th century. He led the famous G? ttingen School, made G? ttingen University an important center of mathematics research in the world at that time, and trained a group of outstanding mathematicians who made great contributions to the development of modern mathematics. Hilbert's mathematical work can be divided into several different periods, and in each period he almost concentrated on one kind of problem. In chronological order, his main research contents include: invariant theory, algebraic number field theory, geometric foundation, integral equation, physics, and general mathematical foundation, with research topics interspersed: Dirichlet principle and variational method, Waring problem, eigenvalue problem, "Hilbert space" and so on. In these fields, he has made great or pioneering contributions. Hilbert believes that science has its own problems in every era, and the solution of these problems has far-reaching significance for the development of science.
Iains Albert? Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955), a world-famous German-American scientist, was the pioneer and founder of modern physics.
Einstein graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 19 and became a Swiss citizen. In 195, he received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. Worked in Berne Patent Office. Professor, Zurich University of Technology, Prague German University. In 1913, he returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1933, persecuted by Nazi regime, he moved to the United States and became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, and became an American citizen in 194.
The late 19th century was a period of change in physics. Starting from experimental facts, Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is established on the basis of quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully reveals the relationship between Welch of energy and mass, and solves the long-standing problem of star energy source. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become a basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.
Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmological theory. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.
a Newton
Isaac? Sir Newton, FRS(Sir Isaac Newton, 25 December 1642-2 March 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. In his paper "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" published in 1687, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the motion of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted.