It is a writing tool that has swept the world in recent decades. It has the advantages of simple structure, convenient carrying, smooth writing and suitable for copying. So people from all walks of life, from school students to office workers, are happy to use it. A ballpoint pen is different from a fountain pen, because it uses dry and thick ink, which is brought out by the freely rotating steel ball on the pen head and transferred to paper, so it does not leak water, is not affected by the weather, takes a long time to write, and saves the trouble of frequent ink filling.
Edit the structural principles of this paragraph.
The writing principle of ballpoint pen mainly uses the direct contact between the ball and paper to generate friction, which makes the ball roll in the ball seat and bring out the ink or ink in the refill to achieve the purpose of writing.
A ballpoint pen is a pen that writes with ink and different pigments. The pen tip is a small steel ball embedded in a small cylindrical copper bowl, and then connected to a plastic pipe filled with ink. The ink flows around with the rotation of the steel ball.
Ballpoint pen ink pigment is dyed. There are three main colors of ink: blue, red and black, among which blue ink is the most used. In the past, the pigment components in blue ink were basic blue and basic purple, and the solvents were oxidized castor oil and ricinoleic acid. Basic dyes have been eliminated because of their poor light resistance (light resistance is only 1 -2), heat resistance, acid and alkali resistance and poor durability. At present, the "424" blue ballpoint pen and "322" black ballpoint pen on the market have good durability.
It is often reported that scented ballpoint pens are toxic, and volatile organic compounds contained in inferior scented stationery are toxic and harmful to human body. But I have never heard of poisoning caused by normal use of oily ballpoint pens without adding volatile organic compounds.
Edit the variety classification of this paragraph.
There are many kinds and styles of ballpoint pens, which are high, medium and low in quality, but in terms of categories, they can basically be divided into oily ballpoint pens and water-based ballpoint pens.
(1) oily ballpoint pen
Commonly known as ballpoint pen. Most ball heads used are made of stainless steel or cemented carbide. The diameter of the ball determines the thickness of the writing line. There are three common ball diameters: 1mm, 0.7mm and 0.5mm (usually indicated on the pen body or ballpoint pen core of the product). The ink of ballpoint pen is specially made, which is mainly composed of pigment, solvent and viscosity regulator. Common colors are blue, black and red. Ordinary ink is mostly used for general writing and special ink is mostly used for document writing. The ink used for document writing is generally marked on the refill, for example, the domestic refill has the word DA.
Oily ballpoint pen is the first generation ballpoint pen series product, which has been put on the market in batches for more than 60 years. After long-term improvement and perfection, the production technology of oily ballpoint pen is mature, the product performance is stable, the storage period is long and the writing performance is stable. Now it has become a traditional product variety in ballpoint pen products. The ink used for oily ballpoint pens has a high viscosity, so it feels heavy to write.
(2) Water-based ballpoint pen
Also known as ballpoint pen or ballpoint pen. The pen holder and pen body of ballpoint pen are made of plastic injection molding, which is called all-plastic ballpoint pen; The pen is made of stainless steel by stamping and polishing, and is called semi-steel pearl pen; Both the pen holder and the pen cover are made of stainless steel and are called all-steel ballpoint pens. All plastics are basically disposable, that is, they are discarded when the ink is used up; Semi-steel type and all-steel type mostly adopt replaceable packing structure. Ballpoint pen tips are divided into cannonball type and needle tube type, which are made of copper alloy, stainless steel or engineering plastic respectively. Most balls are made of stainless steel, cemented carbide or alumina. The diameter of the ball written in Chinese is 0.7 mm, and the diameter of the ball written in fine print is 0.5 mm. There are two forms of water storage: fiber bundle water storage and fiber bundle water storage. The colors of ink are red, blue, black and green. Ballpoint pen has the characteristics of both pen and oily ballpoint pen, and it is an ideal writing tool with smooth writing lubrication and even lines.
In addition to the above classification, it is also common to classify by ink color and pen structure:
1. According to the color of ink:. .
(1) Monochrome ballpoint pen: This is the most common ballpoint pen, commonly used in blue, black and red.
(2) Two-color ballpoint pen: generally red and blue.
(3) Three-color ballpoint pen: red, blue and black.
(4) Four-color ballpoint pen: red, blue, black and green. Besides these four kinds, there are six, eight or even twelve colored ballpoint pens.
2. According to the structure:
(1) disposable ballpoint pen, the pen is the refill, so you can neither add ink nor change the refill. The ink is used up and can only be discarded.
⑵ A ballpoint pen with replaceable refill has the functions of button, spring, lock and reset.
(3) The pen holder can be rotated to extend or retract the pen core.
(4) Combination of ballpoint pen and pen, combination of ballpoint pen and pencil, combination of ballpoint pen and measuring pen, combination of ballpoint pen and miniature light bulb, etc.
Edit this paragraph and use common sense.
This kind of pen is more durable than ordinary pen, but if it is used and kept improperly, it often cannot be written, mainly because the dry ink sticks around the steel ball to prevent the ink from flowing out. Ink is a kind of viscous oil, which is made of linseed oil, synthetic pine nut oil (mainly containing terpineol), mineral oil (oil obtained by fractionation of petroleum and other minerals), hard rubber, lampblack and so on.
When using a ballpoint pen, don't write on paper with oil and wax, otherwise the oil and wax will be embedded in the copper bowl along the edge of the steel ball, which will affect the oil output and make it impossible to write. It is also necessary to avoid the impact and exposure of the pen, and wear gloves and a pen cap when not in use to prevent the damage of the pen tip and pen holder and the oil leakage of the pen core from polluting objects. If it is cold or not used for a long time. When the pen runs out of oil, you can put the nib in warm water for a while, and then use the nib to stroke on the paper to write.
① Ball collection process: When the pen tip of a ballpoint pen consists of a ball and a ball seat, it is pointed out that there is a ball here and a ball seat here, and the ink channel has five grooves.
Put the ball into the tee, close the tee to cover the ball, so that the ball will not fall out, and the writing process is completed.
(2) the writing principle of ballpoint pen:
The ball can rotate freely in the tee. The ink of the ballpoint pen flows onto the ball through five grooves in the ball seat. When the pen is writing, the friction drives the beads to rotate, so that the ink flowing to the beads is continuously transferred to the writing object.
③ Causes of oil leakage of ballpoint pen.
When a ballpoint pen writes, part of the ink is transferred from the core of the ballpoint pen to the writing object. Please note that the ball turns white after the transfer, and another part of the ink will be brought back to the tee with the rotation of the ball.
A good pen will bring the ink back to the tee more thoroughly with the rotation of the ball, and the ink will be less and cleaner outside the tee head.
Poor writing, most of the ink will stick to the outside of the tee joint and cannot be brought back to the tee joint, that is, oil leakage, which is easy to pollute the handwriting when writing.
If the ballpoint pen is smooth, it will produce more ink, but the negative effect is that it will drop more ink. If it wants to drop less ink, it won't flow smoothly. These two situations are a pair of contradictions, and how to achieve the best effect by comprehensive consideration is a subject that the ballpoint pen manufacturing industry has been studying.
(4) The impact caused by the pen tip falling to the ground.
If the nib is in 90-degree contact with the ground, the nib will not be damaged. However, if it is damaged in the closed position, it will cause the phenomenon of "oil leakage" in this gap. If it is serious, it will drop the ball and it will be difficult to write.
⑤ Correct writing angle of ballpoint pen (55 ~ 70)
When writing with a ballpoint pen, it is ideal to control the angle between 55 and 70. At this time, only the ball touches the paper (the ball is hard ... tungsten carbide or ceramic, which is not easy to wear), and the closed part does not touch the handwriting, thus ensuring that the service life of the ballpoint pen can be prolonged in a good writing state.
⑥ If the writing angle is too small, it is easy to wear the convergent part of the ball seat (the ball seat is made of nickel, platinum, copper or stainless steel, which is much easier to wear than the ball). If you are in contact with the writing for a long time, even if the writing is paper, the tee can't stand the wear and tear, which will cause the ball to fall off.
⑦ When writing, the pad paper is too thick, and the tip of the pen is stained with paper, which is easy to wear off the beads. Suggestion: 0.4 ball cannot be copied; At most, 1 ball with the size of 0.5 should be copied, but not more; 0.7 ball at most 3 to 4, not more, when copying, it is best to write 75.
Edit this ink formula
Various ballpoint pen cores
The main components of ballpoint pen ink formula include dyes, film formers, solvents, dispersants and other additives.
The basic ingredients of the formula: 5%-25% of dye, 5%- 15% of solvent, 5%-20% of dispersant and 2%- 10% of other additives.
1, dye
The role of dyes is to give ink enough color depth. The dyes used in ballpoint pen ink can be divided into oil-soluble dyes and alcohol-soluble dyes. The dye used in this experiment is phthalocyanine dye, which is insoluble in solvent, has good dispersibility in ink and strong adhesion to film forming agent, so it will not penetrate into paper, with bright color and good weather resistance.
2. Film forming agent
Film former is an important part of erasable ballpoint pen ink. Its main function is to form a uniform film on the surface of paper and serve as a carrier of dyes. It is required to have a certain adhesion to the paper, which is not easy to peel off, but it can be wiped off gently with an eraser. It has strong adhesion to colorants, good solubility in solvents, stability with other components and long-term storage. Rubber film-forming agent was used in this experiment.
3. Solvent
In the ink water for erasable ballpoint pen, the role of solvent is to dissolve dyes and film-forming agents, and dissolve them together with various additives, thus providing a certain fluidity, and at the same time having just the right volatility, which can effectively control the drying speed in the writing process. Experiments show that the effect of * * solvent is better than that of single solvent. In this experiment, the solvent system of solvent A: solvent B = 1: 1.5 ~ 2.5 was adopted, and the effect was the best.
4. Dispersant
Appropriate dispersant can reduce the adhesion between ink and paper surface, and make ink erasable after writing on paper surface for a certain period of time. Dispersants can also maintain the writing fluency and long-term stability of ink. The material used in this experiment is a mixture of phthalate esters and ethylene glycol esters in a certain proportion.
5. Other auxiliaries
(1) Lubricants and corrosion inhibitors
Fatty acids are usually used as lubricants in ink components, and lubricants are also cosolvents. The functions of lubricants include: a, lubricating balls to provide smooth writing; B, prevent the ink from drying, so that the ballpoint pen has stable and good initial performance; C, increase the dye dissolution depth and improve the dye color. The introduction of fatty acids is corrosive to some nib metals (such as copper alloy), which makes a heterogeneous crystalline substance in ink block the channel, thus shortening the service life of ballpoint pens. The use of fatty acids and corrosion inhibitors can solve the corrosion problem and meet the lubrication requirements. The corrosion inhibitor used in the experiment is saturated and dissolved in fatty acids, which can achieve the purpose of anticorrosion.
(2) Antioxidants and anti-drying agents
Another reason of blocking and crystal crown in ballpoint pen ink is that brass and interface are oxidized to produce copper and zinc compounds in solution. Antioxidants contain substances that can adsorb and absorb ambient oxygen, so they can effectively prevent oxidation. The combination of antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor can effectively prevent or inhibit the corrosion of copper alloy. Experiments show that the antioxidants we use have good effects. In the experiment, we also use an anti-drying agent, which is mainly used to prevent the ink surface or ink from oxidative drying, so that ink and ink have better visual effects, and at the same time, it can prolong its service life and storage life, and can also improve the performance of ballpoint pens when applied. Anti-desiccant is also an antioxidant.
Historical reasons for editing this paragraph
Inventor of ballpoint pen-laszlo Biro
According to the available information, the name of ballpoint pen first appeared in 1888. At that time, an American named John Lauder designed a pen with a ball as the nib, but he failed to make it into a commodity convenient for people to use.
1895, commercial non-writing ballpoint pens were also sold in the British market, but they failed to catch on because of their narrow use. 19 16, Germany designed and manufactured a new ballpoint pen. Its structure is close to today's ballpoint pen, but its performance is poor, which has not attracted widespread attention.
During the period of 1936, Biro of Hungary worked as a proofreader in the news printing plant. When correcting proofs with a pen, ambiguity often occurs. Therefore, Biro began to consider whether he could try another writing tool instead of a pen. After a period of experiments, he filled a steel round tube with quick-drying ink and put a steel ball at one end as a nib. Then, he carried out writing experiments on various materials that can be written, and found that they can leave indelible marks, and the ink in the pen tube is not easy to overflow. The experiment was successful. Born in 1940, he improved his invention, applied for a patent in July 1943, and put it into the market in 1945.
Ballpoint pen is a writing tool that uses the rotation of steel balls to write ink on paper. After World War II, ballpoint pens were introduced into China. Smart businessmen promote "ballpoint pens" and use the afterglow of the atomic bomb exploded in Japan to open up sales. In fact, "ballpoint pen" has nothing to do with atoms, but its pronunciation is similar.
A ballpoint pen is different from a fountain pen, because it uses dry and thick ink, which is brought out by the freely rotating steel ball on the pen head and transferred to paper, so it does not leak water, is not affected by the weather, takes a long time to write, and saves the trouble of frequent ink filling. It quickly became popular in the world. At present, Japan alone consumes 400 million ballpoint pens a year.
Ballpoint pen can write because the ball in the pen tip can take out the quick-drying ink and transfer it to paper when rolling. It is said that the dry ink in the Japanese ballpoint pen core is enough to write 20 thousand words. However, if you write more words, the gap between the steel ball and the steel tube will gradually become larger, so that the ink will leak out from the gap, which will often stain the clothes and make you uncomfortable.
In order to solve the oil spill problem, experts have not racked their brains. Some study the improvement of ink formula; Some study the hardness of steel balls and steel pipes. But it's no use.
Just when this research made no progress, a small business owner in Japan came up with a unique trick: Isn't it because there is enough dry ink to write 20,000 words? Isn't it because it will leak oil when writing? Then I will decorate less dry ink, so that the ink in the refill can only write more than 1000 words, and the problem of oil leakage in the ballpoint pen core will be solved. So, he applied for a patent, specializing in the production of a short ballpoint pen core and ballpoint pen, which was welcomed by customers and soon he became a big entrepreneur.
This method of solving problems seems to be a kind of cutting corners, but in essence it is an innovation, an innovation of ideas and methods to solve problems that people could not solve at that time.
In the 1950s, ballpoint pens were more expensive than pens, and they were not willing to throw them away when they were used up. You can continue to use it after adding pen oil in a special pen shop. It is said that Biro is Hungarian and a proofreader of a printing factory. Because the printed proof contains a lot of water, it is easy to be blurred when it is corrected with a pen, so he writes in ball retainer and lives in Mo Dou, which is not easy to cause the previous problems. Later, Biro provided his invention to the Royal Air Force, and the first ballpoint pen was produced by an airplane factory in Britain. Until World War II, Americans adopted Bello's invention. 19 16, a new ballpoint pen designed by Lisboa, Germany, is very close to the current pen, but it has not been popularized yet. It was not until the outbreak of World War II that the U.S. military department proposed to make a pen suitable for writing at high altitude, which is watertight, unaffected by cold and heat, and can store a large amount of ink without frequent irrigation, and rewarded it. 1944 Chicago businessman Renault saw that this was an excellent opportunity to make a fortune. Because of his active thinking, he asked someone to improve the Portuguese-Beijing pen and achieved success in a year or so. Just then, the United States dropped an atomic bomb in Japan. He advertised his pen and named it ballpoint pen, which quickly became popular all over the world.