On June 24th, 2002, Israel Defense Forces showed the world the next-generation main battle tank "Merkava 4" which took nine years to develop. Based on "Merkava 3", it has greatly improved and adjusted the armored protection and yard management system, and realized the digitalization of modern battlefield.
The main battle tank "Merkava 4" is equipped with an Israeli-made 120MM smoothbore gun, which has the ability to launch various shells and rockets. It is also larger than the first three models in appearance. There is only one hatch used by the commander on the turret of Merkava 4, and other passengers use the rear hatch. The equipment of Merkava 4 is the same as that of Merkava 3. Its electronic equipment and transmission device have also been improved, and a camera is installed at the back of the new tank to help the driver reverse; Its laser rangefinder has also been improved, with infrared night vision function, which can detect and lock the target, so that the tank can destroy the moving target day and night.
T-90 is the most advanced marine armored equipment of Russian army, which was developed on the basis of T-72BM. /kloc-0 entered the initial production in 1993, and produced about 300 vehicles successively, most of which were deployed in the Far East. This type of tank weighs 46.5 tons, has 3 crew members, and has a maximum road speed of 65 km/h. It is equipped with advanced equipment such as computerized fire control system and laser range finder, and has the ability to fight in the middle and at night. What is striking is that its 125mm gun is very powerful. It can not only launch artillery shells, but also launch laser-guided AT- 1 1+0 missiles, penetrate armored targets about 400mm away, and attack helicopters flying at low altitude. At the same time, this type of tank adopts a large number of new protective armor technologies and is one of the best main battle tanks in the world.
As we all know, the US Army has the most advanced main battle tanks in the world. According to reports, the US Army actually bought the T-90 in order to get five secrets about the combat performance of this type of main battle tank: the turret is a well-protected place for the main battle tank and is often equipped with the best protective materials. So, what are the components of the armor protection at the front of the T-90 turret? How does the tank's 125mm gun launch a laser-guided missile? Is the tank equipped with new shells? Is the tank equipped with new active reaction armor? Is the first or second generation forward-looking infrared or night thermal imaging system installed in its aiming system?
Senior American military analysts believe that if the US Army buys the T-90, it can not only be used for comparison with its own main battle tanks, but also be used for research and analysis to find ways to deal with this type of tanks, including actual combat training, so that its soldiers can truly feel the operational environment of the other side's new main battle tanks. An analyst in Washington said that one of the priorities of the intelligence system of the three services of the United States is to try to obtain advanced weapons and equipment from abroad, and there are huge special funds every year. And a T-90 main battle tank costs millions of dollars.
References:
(National Defense News 200 1 September 25th, 4th edition)
A New Chapter of Challenger 2E Spectrum
The latest improvement of Challenger 2 series main battle tank is Challenger 2E main battle tank. 2E model is specially designed for export, mainly for the Middle East market, and was once called "Desert Challenger". However, in 2000, it became famous in the procurement war of "Future Main Battle Tank" in Greece. At that time, Challenger 2E tank performed well on the same stage as German Leopard 2A5, American M 1A2, French leclerc, Russian T-80U and Ukrainian T-84 tanks, which made Greece a success.
The French military showed "strong interest" in buying the Challenger 2E tank. However, the Greeks finally chose the Leopard 2A5/A6 tank, which made the British somewhat depressed.
The biggest change of Challenger 2E tank is that it has a "German heart"-the engine and gearbox are brand-name products made in Germany. In order to make up for the mobility gap of Challenger tank, 2E tank chose the famous German MTU883 turbocharged diesel engine (horizontal) and any HSWL295 automatic gearbox (5 forward /3 backward), plus the hydraulically adjusted double-pin crawler. In this way, the unit power of Challenger 2E tank is increased from 19.2 HP/ton to 24 HP/ton, and the maximum speed is also increased from 56 km/h to 72 km/h. Because this power transmission device is very compact, the tank can load more fuel, so the maximum stroke is increased to 550 km accordingly. In addition, the second generation of hydraulic and pneumatic suspension device is adopted on the 2E model, which further improves the ride comfort. It can be said that the improvement of maneuverability is the biggest "bright spot" of Challenger 2E tank.
Another major improvement of Challenger 2E is the installation of the Integrated Battlefield Management System (BMS) developed by Vexcor, including the software developed by TRW for the 2nd1Century Combat Brigade of the US Army. This system can obtain information from weapon system or GPS global positioning system, and provide commanders with the location information of vehicles, friendly forces and enemy tanks. Commanders can know the battlefield situation at a glance on the display screen, which greatly reduces the workload of commanders.
The protective improvement is manifested in the installation of fire extinguishing and explosion suppression devices in the passenger compartment, and the ammunition is stored in the armored bomb compartment below the turret seat ring.
It is not difficult to see that the Challenger 2E tank failed to "conquer Athens", but it is a main battle tank with quite good performance. However, it is hard to say whether Challenger 2E tank can break the ice in the future under the background of the sluggish international arms market.
German Leopard 2》A6 main battle tank album
1970, the plan of the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States to jointly develop MBT-70 tank fell through, and the Federal Republic of Germany made the decision to develop Leopard 2 tank. From 1972 to 1974, Klaus? Murphy Company produced 65,438+06 car bodies and 65,438+07 turrets, all equipped with Lenk transmission of MBT-70 tank and MTU diesel engine.
1977, the federal Republic of Germany selected Klaus? Murphy Company is the main contractor and signed the contract for mass production of Leopard 2 tanks. Of the 65,438+0,800 vehicles ordered, Klaus? Murphy produces 990 cars, and the remaining 8 10 cars are produced by Krupp? Made by Mark Company, * * * was put into production in five batches.
The first pre-produced Leopard 2 tank was delivered to the German Bundeswehr for army training at the end of 1978. At the beginning of 1979, three more vehicles were delivered. Klaus built the first mass-produced Leopard 2 tank? Maffei delivered in Munich in June 1979.
1987101On October 30th, the German federal government ordered the sixth batch of 150 Leopard 2 tanks. 1988, 100 The seventh batch of production contracts for Leopard 2 tanks was signed. 1990 signed the eighth batch of 75 production contracts. All German Panther 2 tanks were delivered in 1992.
In addition to Germany, there are other countries equipped with Leopard 2 main battle tanks, including 445 purchased by the Netherlands. Austria received 1 14 Leopard 2A4 from the Netherlands. The Spanish army leased 65,438+008 vehicles from Germany. Denmark and Switzerland bought 5 1 and 380 respectively. Turkey also bought a batch of Leopard 2 tanks. The above is only the export situation before Leopard 2A5.
The variant vehicles of Leopard 2 tank include tank bridge vehicle, armored rescue vehicle and training driving tank.
Technical performance of tanks
Leopard 2 main battle tank (A4 type) has a total weight of 55 tons and four crew members. The design of the tank puts the survivability of the crew at the top of the 20 requirements. Both the car body and turret are equipped with clearance composite armor, and the front end of the car body is sharp with thick side skirts. The turret has a low profile and good elasticity. The problem of preventing secondary effect after being photographed is considered in the design. The ammunition to be fired is stored in the rear cabin of turret, and the ammunition is separated from the combat cabin by airtight partition. The storage tank adopts collective protective three-proof ventilation device. The fifth batch of production Leopard 2 tanks began to install fire extinguishing and explosion suppression devices in the passenger cabin of Grevi, England.
Leopard 2 tank is equipped with 120mm smooth-bore gun developed by Rheinmetall Company, equipped with heat jacket and air extraction device. The barrel is made by self-tightening technology, and the surface of the inner bore is chrome-plated and hardened. The base number of tank ammunition is 42 rounds, of which 27 rounds are stored in the front of the car on the driver's left side, and 15 rounds are stored in the turret tail compartment. Equipped with two kinds of ammunition: tail stabilized armor-piercing projectile and multi-purpose armor-piercing projectile. Rheinmetall Company has developed the fifth generation 1.20 mm tail stabilized penetrator, in which the length-diameter ratio of DM 13 is 12: 1, and the length-diameter ratio of DM2 1 is 14: 1.
Auxiliary weapons are Rhine MG3A 1 7.62mm parallel machine guns and MG3A 1 7.62mm anti-aircraft machine guns. There are 1 group of smoke bomb launchers at the two rear parts of the turret, with 8 launchers in each group.
The fire control system adopts the command ceremony to stabilize the image, which is easy to stabilize and has a high shooting hit rate to the moving target. The commander is equipped with PERI-R 17 stabilized main sight. A stable EMES 15 periscope with double magnification, including laser rangefinder and thermal imaging equipment. The thermal imager installed on the EMES 15 sight can make the gun aim at and shoot the disguised target at night or in bad weather. The gunner also has 1 auxiliary FERO-Z 18 telescopic monocular night vision goggles.
The prototype car uses the Datong EMES 12 laser rangefinder, and the production car uses the yttrium aluminum garnet laser rangefinder patented by Hughes Company of the United States, with the EMES 15 gunner's main sight. The maximum measuring distance of laser rangefinder is 9990m, and the accuracy is 10m m. The fire control computer has been developed from the FLER-H hybrid computer of GE Telephone Company to the digital electronic computers installed on the fifth batch of Leopard 2 tanks.
Leopard 2 tank is equipped with MB873Ka-50 1 engine with MTU, and its power is1103kw (1500 HP). The transmission device adopts any HSWL345 hydraulic mechanical transmission device. The mobile device is suspended by a torsion bar, and there are 7 load wheels, 4 idler wheels, 1 rear drive wheel, 1 front inducer wheel and 1 track adjuster on both sides of the car body. Tank maneuverability data (Leopard 2A4)
The top speed of the expressway is 72 kilometers per hour.
The maximum off-road speed is 55 km/h.
0-32 km/h acceleration time 7 seconds
Fuel load 1200 liters
The maximum road trip is 550 kilometers.
Unprepared deep wading 1.00 m
Get ready for 2.35 meters
The diving depth is 4.00 meters.
Climbing degree 60%
Rolling gradient 30%
The vertical climbing height is 1. 10m.
3.00 meters across the ditch.
2 1 century Leopard 2A5 and Leopard 2A6
In order to ensure the effective combat performance of Leopard 2 tank in 2 1 century, Germany began to implement the improvement plan of Leopard 2 tank in 1990s, and the improved model was named "Leopard 2 Reform", and later named as Leopard 2A5 main battle tank. Recently, the improved Leopard 2 equipped with 120mm L/55 smoothbore gun has been named Leopard 2A6 main battle tank, and the artillery firing experiment has been carried out.
The main improvements of Leopard 2A5 include: new reinforced armor parts are installed in the front arc area of turret; Replace the original hydraulic fire control and stability system with an all-electric system; Improve the anti-recoil device of 120 mm gun, so as to install the 120 mm L/55 smoothbore gun of Rheinmetall in the future; PERI R 17 A2 sight above the captain has thermal imaging channel; The TV camera at the back of the car body is connected with the monitoring screen to facilitate the driver to turn quickly and safely; Composite navigation system based on optical fiber technology and global positioning system, which can be connected with command and control system; Improved data processor of laser rangefinder.
The German army is preparing to refit 350 Leopard 2A5 vehicles, and has received the first batch of 225 vehicles. The Royal Dutch Army will improve the equipment of 180 Leopard 2. The 5 1 Leopard 2 purchased by Denmark will also be improved to A5. Leopard 2A5 was recently selected by the Swedish Army, and it is expected to be equipped with 280 vehicles. The Swedish Army called it Strv 122. The Spanish army also agreed to buy 2 19 Leopard 2A5 main battle tanks and 16 rescue vehicles.
Leclerc tank
Armored lion-Leclerc tank
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When it comes to the third generation of main battle tanks, most readers will first think of T-72 and T-80 tanks in the former Soviet Union and M 1 in the United States.
There are MIAI tanks, and German Leopard spoon tanks. This is a natural thing, because they are the third generation of main battles in the world today.
Typical representative of tanks. But readers should not forget that there are also British "challengers" in the category of the third-generation main battle tanks.
Japan's type 90, Israel's "Merkava" 2, India's "Arjun" and France's AMX mentioned in this article.
Leclerc.
Although born late, the super show is well deserved.
The development of Leclerc tank in France can be traced back to the new tank research plan of 1978. In the conceptual study of planning
In the research stage, a variety of schemes were put forward, and it was not until 1982 that the scheme that could meet the performance requirements of future tanks was selected.
Keith.
By fully developing and testing the main components to be used in future tanks during 1982 ~ 1986, it is proved that
In fact, these components can completely meet the expected requirements, so Cuelez, then French Minister of Defence, was appointed on June 30th, 1986.
Once again: France's main battle tank in the 1990s has been named AMX. Leclerc. This is to commemorate the Second World.
During the war, he led the 2nd Armored Division of the French Army and the 4th Infantry Division of the US Army led by General Patton on August 25th, 944.
Leclerc de Hautek, the French "Armored Marshal" who regained Paris, was named after him.
1992, the French army began to equip Leclerc tanks and purchased 800 vehicles, each of which sold for about $5 million.
Yuan, six tank divisions will be equipped around 2005.
Compared with T-72, M 1 and Leopard-2 tanks, Leclerc tank was born more than ten years later and can only be regarded as the first.
Tanqueray's younger brother, who fought for three generations. However, its skills are not less than those of its brothers, so it has won a' rising star'
Xiu, the laudatory name.
It seems that Leopard 0 is low in shape and compact in structure.
If you can immediately identify the two tanks in front of you, which one is "Leopard spoon" and which one is "leclerc", maybe you
Will be confused, because at first glance, their appearance is very similar, but as long as you look closely, it is still from their appearance.
From the morphological characteristics.
The "leclerc" tank has a low profile, a flat turret and a nearly vertical side. Seen from the front, the "leclerc" turret
The captain's periscope on the left side of the top is extremely conspicuous; The height from the ground to the top of the turret is only 2.3 meters, which is better than' Leopard Tan Fei'.
It is 0. 18m shorter and 3.3m wider, which is more than 0.2m narrower than Leopard 2. There are three smoke emitters on each side of the turret.
Viewed from the side, its characteristics are more obvious. "leclerc" has six load-bearing wheels, while: "Leopard spoon" has seven; Vehicle length ratio
"Leopard" 2 short 1 m; The lower edge of the side skirt is a horizontal straight line; Three smoke bomb launchers on the turret are located in front; Wooden bucket captain
The temperature is about one meter longer than that of the leopard, and it is equipped with a heat preservation sleeve. "leclerc, can design is short and short, Lord.
If the loader is replaced by an automatic loader and a compact power transmission device is used.
Three crew members set a precedent for western tanks.
After World War II, tanks designed in the West all had four crew members. Leclerc broke this habit.
For example, the loader was cancelled and the dream of only three crew members (conductor, gunner and driver) was realized.
It has three crew members, but it is regarded as an oriental country geographically, which means that French tanks are ahead of it in automation technology.
He is one step ahead of western countries.
"leclerc" tank may not have a loader/because the loader's loading function is completely automatic.
The machine is finished.
Fig. 2 The microprocessor of leclerc tank automatic loader can automatically identify and select shells according to the bar codes on the shells.
Kindness You can see the bar code drawn on the shell casing from the picture.
The automatic loader is located in the rear cabin of the turret and consists of a magazine and a magazine conveying mechanism; The magazine consists of components such as a projectile propulsion mechanism and a projectile selection mechanism.
Rectangular, can store 22 complete shells (ammunition base 40 rounds). You don't have to choose a location when storing shells.
After setting, the microprocessor of the autoloader will store the bomb information of each bomb storage location. What kind of shell do you need to fill, micromachining
The machine will automatically choose the bomb closest to the tail of the gun. The loading speed of automatic loader is extremely fast, and the theoretical loading speed can reach 15.
Hair per minute, about twice as much as manual filling.
Advanced human control technology is among the best.
"leclerc" tank is equipped with CNI20 120mm smoothbore gun, with a caliber of 52 times and a barrel larger than that of "Leopard 2".
Its length is about 1 m. The armor-piercing projectile launched by it has high initial velocity (up to 800 m/s), great momentum and great power.
Strong, the range is also 2: 1000m farther than "Leopard".
The fire control system design of Leclerc tank is even more ingenious. Fire control gun control device, various sensors and data bus.
Directly connected to form a whole, digital control is implemented by multiple computers, and the control action is accurate. Data transmission equipment
The device increases the functions of the system, which can not only provide the position coordinates of the vehicle to other vehicles or command departments, but also provide the information of various systems on the vehicle.
Information such as combat status, ammunition and oil status, and the size and location of captured enemy troops. , you can also get the change of threat from relevant departments.
Situation information, terrain obstacle characteristics, friendly position, logistics supply position, etc. So that the tank can be real-time or near real-time.
Strive hard.
Leclerc tank's TV monitoring system and stable day and night sight can capture five eyes in a few minutes.
Mark, there are two more than ordinary modern tanks, and it is not limited by time and place. It is said that the tank is at a distance of 2000 meters.
The starting hit rate is as high as 95%, which can be said to be a hundred shots.
The propulsion system has a unique form and excellent performance.
Maneuverability is the goal that French tank designers have been pursuing. Therefore, despite the total weight of the leclerc tank,
The previous generation of tanks increased by more than 10 tons, but it did not lose its traditional flexibility. On the contrary, because "le clay
Eh,' An engine with1103 kW (1500 HP) was adopted, and the unit power reached more than 20.59 kW/ ton.
It surpassed ML(20. 18kW/ ton) and Leopard 2(20kW/ ton) tanks.
It is worth mentioning that the tank adopts high pressurization technology. Its engine has a combustion chamber with a variable flow bypass valve.
Chamber and a "Dubomeka" turbocompressor can make the intake pressure ratio of the engine reach 7.
8. Therefore, although the engine volume of leclerc tank is similar to that of AMX-30 tank, the power it emits is
Twice as much as the AMX-30.
The transmission device of "leclerc" tank also has its own uniqueness, which is composed of four-degree-of-freedom transmission mechanism and hydraulic stepless rotation.
Directional mechanism, hydraulic retarder braking device and high-efficiency hydraulic torque converter, especially four degrees of freedom composed of two planetary rows.
The planetary transmission mechanism makes the whole transmission device quite compact, and the unit volume power is higher than that of similar devices.
The engine and transmission device can be connected into a whole, which is convenient for disassembly, replacement, maintenance and installation, and can also be saved and fully utilized.
Coupled with the interior space, the length of Lucker's car body is shorter than that of Leopard 2 tank 1 m, which is also one of the reasons.
The superior performance of the liquid-gas suspension device also improves the off-road driving ability of the tank. Leclerc can be used on the expressway.
7 1 km/h, but the average speed on off-road ground and expressway is also 50 km/h.
The maximum travel distance is 550km, which can be increased to 7 10/0km after the auxiliary fuel tank is installed.
Innovation of armor protection measures for tank formation technology
French tank designers have always emphasized maneuverability and firepower, and armor protection has been put in a secondary position and ignored.
However, in the past, French tanks were light in weight and highly mobile. However, this kind of tank has exposed the problem of poor survivability in actual combat.
Achilles heel. The actual combat experience in the Middle East War shows that the French AMX-30 tank has high maneuverability and maximum running speed.
It can reach 65 km/h, but because of its thin armor and poor protection, it is the battlefield equipped with AMX-30 tank troops.
The propulsion speed is not as fast as that of the British "Sun Chulun" tank with poor maneuverability and good armor protection. Therefore, France
The export tanks such as AMX-32 and AMX-40 manufactured according to the above design ideas have not been bought.
The French Ground Weapons Industry Group (GIAT) accepted the experience and lessons of previous design ideas and designed "Lekley".
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh.
Technology and composite armor technology to design the car body and turret, even at the expense of all tank battles from AMX.
32 of 40 tons to 54 tons of "leclerc". Modular design technology and composite armor technology are adopted.
Combined armor blocks are fixed on the basic armor frame through bolt connection to form an armor protection system.
This armor protection system is not only convenient for battlefield rescue of injured tanks and replacement of damaged armor blocks, but also convenient for threats.
Armor can be easily adjusted without modifying the basic structure of the tank, laying the foundation for replacing and using more advanced armor blocks in the future.
Foundation. .
The composite armor block of "leclerc" tank adopts multi-layer steel armor plates and ceramic materials, which is a replaceable box structure.
This kind of armor block can prevent both kinetic energy armor-piercing projectiles and chemical energy armor-piercing projectiles, and its ability to prevent kinetic energy armor-piercing projectiles is higher than that of traditional homogeneous armor.
1 times, thus completely changing the backward situation of poor armor protection and becoming one of the best armored tanks in the world.
To sum up, although the "leclerc" tank came out late, it adopted some designs that broke the traditional concept.
Thought and the latest technology have greatly improved the overall performance of tanks, especially the emphasis on battlefield survivability, and achieved "Lekley"
"Er" tank jumped into the ranks of the most advanced tanks in the world and became a veritable rising star.
Main performance elements of Leclerc tank
Three crew members
Total combat weight, 54.5 tons.
Revolution length (gun forward) 9.35 meters.
The car body is 6.6 meters long.
The overall width of this car is 3.3 meters.
The total height of the car (to the top of the turret) is 2m.
Main weapon: 120mm musket)
Auxiliary weapon 12.7 mm machine gun, quite
7.62mm machine gun 1: quite.
The top speed of highway is 71km/h.
Maximum road trip, 550 kilometers.
Armor protection: composite armor
Three-proof device assembly type.