1. Drainage methods such as underground pipes, culverts, bridges or drainage tunnels can be used to drain water from caves or underground rivers.
2. When it is impossible to drain water, or because of the large scale of the karst cave, the filling of the karst cave is karst silt with large water content, the plugging method can be adopted. When the karst cave is at the bottom of the tunnel, rotary spraying can be used, and grouting and pipe shed can be used in the side wall and arch to form water retaining wall (side wall) and waterproof curtain (arch).
3. For small and medium-sized caves that have stopped developing, have a small span and are waterless, dry rubble, mortar rubble or low-grade concrete can be used to fill them according to the position where they intersect with the tunnel and their filling conditions.
4. When the karst cave is only at the bottom of the tunnel and is large and deep, or the filler is soft and cannot bear the structure, beams or arches can be used to cross. The arch supports at both ends of the beam or arch should be placed on stable and reliable rock strata, and can be reinforced with concrete and masonry if necessary.
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