At present, the role and significance of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are mainly manifested in the following three aspects:
1. Paying attention to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is the need of world competition and development. In today's world, economic competition is increasingly manifested in the competition of science and technology, which is manifested in the competition of quantity, quality and speed of transformation of scientific and technological achievements (especially high-tech achievements). In the final analysis, it is the commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements and the competition of their market share.
2. The transformation of scientific and technological achievements is the key to the implementation of "science and technology are the primary productive forces". To develop the economy, we must rely on scientific and technological progress and give full play to the role of the primary productive force. As an important embodiment of the primary productive force, scientific and technological achievements can effectively improve the quality of China's economic growth and realize two fundamental changes in the mode of economic growth only if they are widely used in production practice.
3. The transformation of scientific and technological achievements is the best form of combining science and technology with economy. The emergence of new technologies does not mean the formation of new industries. To transform scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces, especially to form economies of scale, it is necessary for scientific and technological workers and economic workers to work together to formulate effective measures, create good environmental conditions for the transformation of achievements, accelerate the pace of transformation of achievements, and make contributions to solving difficulties, hot spots and key problems in economic and social development.
The second is the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces.
There are six main forms of transformation of scientific and technological achievements in Chinese universities: directly transforming scientific and technological achievements into society through technology transfer, cooperating with local governments and enterprises in Industry-University-Research, developing new technologies and new products, realizing the transformation and industrialization of achievements, and using a number of key scientific research bases to strengthen the research, development and transformation of key scientific and technological projects, so as to make universities themselves incubators of high-tech industries and participate in various technology trading activities. Promote the scientific and technological achievements of colleges and universities, and directly participate in the technological innovation and product development of enterprises through the way of "technology+capital", with risks and benefits.
Third, scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real productive forces.
China obtains tens of thousands of latest scientific and technological achievements every year, including more than 30,000 scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities every year, which provides rich resources for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces and shows China's scientific and technological potential and strength. However, we should be soberly aware that the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in China is less than 20%, and the patent implementation rate is less than 15%, while that in developed countries is as high as 70% and 80%. At the same time, there is still a considerable gap in the contribution to national economic development. According to relevant reports, after the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in Chinese universities, only 30% of the transformation results can generate economic benefits for enterprises, and less than 5% of them actually form industries. According to the survey data of intellectual property work of universities and scientific research institutions in China National Intellectual Property Administration in 2003, the proportion of motives for universities to apply for patents to monopolize the market is less than 1/3. In colleges and universities, the number of patent applications is obviously increasing year by year, but the transformation of achievements is worrying, which will inevitably affect technological progress. Facing the severe challenge of international economic and technological competition and the national conditions of large population, weak foundation and relatively insufficient per capita resources, it is urgent to speed up the strategic transformation of national economic growth mode from extensive to intensive.
The transformation of scientific and technological achievements refers to the commercialization, industrialization and socialization of existing scientific and technological achievements realized by a practical subject in the practice of development, experiment, production and marketing in order to improve or spread technology, promote and develop production and enrich and improve life. Its main characteristics are the effective combination of science and technology and economy, the integrated development of science and technology and society, and the emphasis on the commercialization, industrialized production and socialized popularization of existing scientific and technological achievements.
Fourth, the conditions for scientific and technological achievements to be transformed into real productive forces.
To sum up, the restrictive factor for developing countries to realize the leap-forward development of productive forces is institutional conditions, and the traditional economic growth model only abstracts institutional factors. A simple observation of economic phenomena shows that the leap-forward development of a social productive force is always manifested in the extensive use of new technologies; The diffusion of new technology depends on technological innovation, and the ability of technological innovation depends on institutional investment and institutional innovation to a great extent. When the inefficient property right system is implemented, the individual's profitability will be both lacking and imperfect, and as a result, the technological progress will become slow and the income of the natural resource stock will decrease.
Institutional innovation is a necessary condition for a country to implement the leap-forward development of productive forces, because institutional innovation can shape a new incentive or dynamic mechanism to stimulate actors to participate in trading activities and carry out technological innovation. The lack of vitality or stagnation of a society's economy is generally related to the fact that the established institutional factors have stifled the innovative motivation of actors or the innovative activities of actors have not received the minimum return.
V. Transformation of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces.
The institutional basis of the leap-forward transformation mode of market-oriented productive forces is the market economic system. The basic meaning of reform is the transition from the traditional planned economy system to the market economy system, and its essence is the coordinated transformation from the hierarchical rules of resource allocation to the rules of property rights, thus creating institutional conditions for the leap-forward development of productive forces.
First of all, build a micro-foundation that is conducive to the leap-forward development of productive forces. The core of micro-foundation reconstruction is to clarify the property right relationship through enterprise system reform, provide new stimulus for rapid economic growth and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. The core of enterprise system reform is the reform of state-owned enterprises, and the basic ideas of its reform are as follows: First, implement the classification reform strategy of state-owned enterprises. The advance and retreat of state-owned capital is not only determined by the scale of the enterprise, but also distinguished by the nature of the industry in which the enterprise is located. The state should effectively control the industries related to the national economy and people's livelihood; For competitive small and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, state-owned capital should gradually withdraw; For large competitive state-owned enterprises, the shareholding system reform should be carried out in accordance with international practice. On the basis of separating government from enterprises, the relationship between property rights is clarified through the diversification of property rights subjects, and a standardized modern enterprise system is established. Second, realize the innovation of corporate governance structure. Through the rational allocation of residual claims and control rights, a mechanism of self-restraint and mutual checks and balances is formed among investors, operators and producers of the company to promote the long-term development of the enterprise. One of the key issues is how to improve the incentive and restraint mechanism for managers and mobilize the enthusiasm of workers. At present, what we can choose is to introduce the optimal salary scheme with annual salary system, bonus and stock option plan as the main content as soon as possible, improve the incentive mechanism for managers, and try to absorb the employee stock ownership system of "new sharing economic ideas" to link employee income with the economic benefits of enterprises. Third, improve the technological innovation mechanism of enterprises. In order to improve the technological innovation ability of enterprises, on the one hand, a series of preferential policies should be introduced to encourage enterprises to gradually increase research and development expenses and master the core technologies of high-tech industries; On the other hand, it is necessary to implement effective incentives for technological innovation, such as the implementation of new product profit commission, technology discount or stock option plan for scientific and technological personnel.
Secondly, create a good market environment for the leap-forward development of productive forces. The core of optimizing the market environment is to improve the market mechanism. The so-called market mechanism refers to the connection system and operation mode formed by factors such as market supply and demand, price and competition under a certain market form. In addition to the characteristics of clear property rights and hard budget constraints, the perfection of market mechanism must also meet the following conditions: First, create a market environment of equal competition. Free competition, full competition and non-discriminatory competition are the basic meanings of equal competition, and monopoly damages market efficiency by restricting equal competition. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the administrative monopoly of setting entry barriers through administrative intervention, avoid the damage of natural monopoly to market efficiency as much as possible through the reform of rules and regulations, and resolutely oppose unfair competition and local protectionism. The second is to further open the market and build a relatively perfect market system. At the same time, under the conditions of full competition and price liberalization, a market price system determined by market supply and demand will be formed, including not only the prices of general commodities, but also the prices of factors such as wage rates and interest rates. The third is to optimize the market restraint system. Market economy is a moral and honest economy based on the legal system, not an economy that can harm the interests of others by any means in pursuit of its own interests. Market economy encourages people to legally pursue the maximization of their own interests, punishes behaviors that harm others and benefit themselves, and strives to form a mechanism that ultimately leads to the maximization of social interests through the pursuit of the maximization of personal interests.
Furthermore, build a government system that is conducive to the leap-forward development of productive forces. The government needs to change its functions through institutional reform, from an economic construction-oriented government to a public service-oriented government: First, straighten out the relationship between the government and enterprises and avoid administrative intervention in enterprises. What the market can do is done by the market, and the government only plays a role in areas where the market can't do well or can't. The second is to clarify the objectives of economic policy, optimize the tools of economic policy and improve the efficiency of economic policy. The government uses more economic means when regulating the economy. The third is to establish a streamlined, efficient and clean government service system through institutional reform. The fourth is to make the government's policy and decision-making process as transparent as possible, so as to introduce the necessary public supervision over government behavior. Fifth, the government should be a model of abiding by the law, run the country according to law and strive to create a fair legal environment. Sixth, implement the principle of national treatment and non-discrimination, so that every market participant, including foreign manufacturers, can get equal competition opportunities in the China market.