First of all, the Three Saints era in ancient Yao Shunyu, to put it bluntly, was a period of transition from primitive society to slave society. What are the characteristics of this transitional period? Is the state machine has not yet formed, just a loose alliance between tribes. There is no centralization, no central government. The rise and fall of tribal leaders shows the changes of leading tribes in the alliance and reflects the balance of tribal strength.
The so-called abdication is a myth fabricated by later Confucian scholars, which shows the selflessness of these clan leaders.
However, what are the historical facts? This is completely selfless, as Confucian scholars boast. But full of violence and cruelty. In the later period of Yao's rule, many people competed for power, and Yao himself imprisoned one of the people who competed for power. However, I was unprepared for another person: Shun. Shun killed all Yao's supporters and family, forcing Yao to abdicate.
"Han Feizi" said: "Shun forced Yao, Yu forced Shun, Tang attacked Jie and Zhou, these four kings, people and ministers killed their kings!"
"The Warring States Policy Yan Ce" says: "Yu Chuanyi, and Ren Kai are officials. And the old, but not enough for the world to understand, the benefits of transmission are also. Kai and help the party to attack the interests and win the world. "
Shan Hai Jing? Hai Neijing said that during Dayu's flood control, many quadrangular pyramid buildings were built, namely, "Yao Di Terrace, Di Ku Terrace, Didan Pillar Terrace and Shun Di Terrace, each with two sets of quadrangles, in the northeast of Kunlun."
Shan Hai Jing? "Hainan Classic" says: "Cangwu Mountain, Shun Di was buried in Yang, and Emperor Danzhu was buried in Yin.
The bamboo book chronicles: "Shun imprisoned Yao, but later suppressed him, and never saw his father."
Wait a minute. . .
These historical records are translated as follows:
Shun later killed Dayu's father on the grounds of poor river management. In fact, this is just an excuse. The real reason is that the latter is a strong contender for the leader of clan tribal alliance. Dayu inherited his father's career and finally killed Shun. According to the history book, Yu San walked through the house and didn't enter. Actually, it's just that I'm afraid to go into the house. Because I dare not go near my family. Otherwise, Shun will kill you. Later, Yu took the place of Shun and brutally slaughtered and retaliated against Shun's men. Shun's two concubines (E Huang and Nv Ying) fled to the south, but they were still doomed to die. According to historical records, they shed tears because of sympathy for Shun. In fact, they were forced to jump into the river and commit suicide with tears under the butcher's knife of Dayu supporters. This is complete extinction. Because Dayu himself was afraid that someone would imitate him.
All this is evidence, but everyone in later generations was deeply influenced by Confucianism, and people of insight understood it tacitly, and ordinary people believed it.
Behind these three leaders are three tribal groups vying for power. Shun is the leader of Dongyi tribe. And Dayu is the boss of Huaxia Group. The struggle for power and interests between them is the struggle between tribal groups. After Dayu's death, in order to prevent power from falling into the hands of Dongyi tribe, the ruling Huaxia Group killed Boyi, the elected leader of Dongyi tribe, and Yu Ziqi succeeded him. So as to establish the Xia Dynasty. The abdication system was replaced by hereditary system. However, in the early summer, after the death of Qi, there was still a power struggle between Hou Yi, the leader of Dongyi Group, and Han Chong.
Therefore, the abdication system in China's history has been full of violence and cruelty. The abdication system is not the democratic system of primitive commune at all. It is fundamentally different from the democratic system. These differences are:
First, abdication system is the result of power struggle. It is based on the struggle between power and profit. Before extinction, we must first go through a fierce power struggle. In the end, the winner is in power. In the history of China, after the hereditary system was established, the abdication system still coexisted. At least, from the formal point of view, from the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, each of its founding rulers gained political power by "surrendering" the previous generation of rulers. Its essence is no different from the demise of Yao Shunyu. It's all about winning or losing.
Second, democracy is the result of public choice. Is to transfer power in accordance with the law and the will of the people. Democracy can make society progress. The abdication system can only corrupt the whole society. Because the rulers in a democratic system depend on public opinion. In the latter, the ruler only depends on the ability to carry out the plot.
Therefore, the "democratic election of leaders within tribes" in answer A is wrong, and the "peaceful transfer of ruling power among slave owners" in answer C is also wrong.
Question 2: choose a.
In the initial stage of modern textile industry in China, that is, the period of 1878 ~ 19 13, that is, the period of Westernization Movement, it was really supported by the central and local governments before it gained a firm foothold. Although the Qing government was corrupt at that time, the world was still unified. Not to mention the central government, at least local decrees could be unblocked, and several important officials of the Qing court supported the Westernization Movement at that time.
1914-1921year, the Qing government was overthrown, but China was not unified, and the northern warlords took power and civil wars continued. The government has no time to pay attention to the textile industry, which is a light industry far from the military industry. During this period, private capital rose and took over the textile industry, especially foreign capital and Japanese capital.
The transformation of textile production from Shanghai as the center to Shanghai, Tianjin and Wuhan also reflects the evolution from the unified dynasty to the warlord regime. When the Qing government was still there and the country was unified, the center was only Shanghai. Later, the warlords became independent, and private capital began to gather in Shanghai, a relatively stable warlord town-Beijing and Tianjin, Anhui, Fujian and Wuhan, and Chinese and foreign forces, thus forming the center of the textile industry respectively. This is a change in the trend of private capital investment, so choose A.