the terracotta warriors and horses are huge. The total area of the three excavated pits is 19,12 square meters, which is the size of two football fields, and there are nearly 8, terracotta warriors and horses in the pits. Among the three service pits, the first pit is the largest, with a length of 23 meters from east to west and a width of 62 meters from north to south, with a total area of 14,26 square meters. There are also the most terracotta warriors and horses in the pit. * * * There are about 6. Above the No.1 pit, a huge arched hall has now been built.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses are not only large in scale, but also various in types and distinctive in personality.
The general figurines are burly, wearing gold crowns, armor and swords, and stand at the front of the team with their heads held high, as if commanding officers and soldiers to March behind them. You can tell at a glance that he is a battle-hardened senior general with a heavy responsibility.
The warrior figurines are about 1.8 meters tall, well-built, well-proportioned, dressed in battle robes and armor, with war boots with their front ends upturned on their feet, and most of their hair tied in a bun to the right. Some of them hold bronze swords, some hold swords and some hold shields. Everyone's eyes are bright, their lips are tight, and their expression is grim, as if a big war is just around the corner.
In the spring of 1974, when local farmers were digging wells, they dug up the fragments of the heads of pottery figurines from more than 2 meters underground, and there was a lot of discussion at one time. This accidental discovery has attracted great attention from the archaeological department, and since then, it has uncovered a cultural treasure house that has been dusty for more than 2, years. After the first and third pits were discovered, the second pit was discovered in 1976. Pit 1 was partially excavated to be opened in 1979; No.3 pit was completely excavated and opened in 1989; The excavation of the No.2 pit began in March 1994, and the audience can watch the excavation process.
The pits of the terracotta warriors sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. There are more than 8, pottery figurines and horses in the three pits. Since the opening of the No.1 pit, the Museum of Terracotta Warriors has received nearly 3 million domestic and foreign visitors, and the heads of dozens of countries have visited it in person, all of which are full of praise. Former French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac visited here in 1979 and praised the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty as the eighth wonder in the world. He thought that you would not really go to Egypt without looking at the pyramids. You can't really go to China without seeing the Terracotta Warriors.
the No.1 pit is rectangular, with a length of 23m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south, an average depth of 5m and an area of 14,26m2. The underground tunnel is a civil structure, with five sloping doorways on the east and west sides, and two side doors on the north and south sides. The doorway is blocked by standing wood, and the pit is covered with shed wood, reed mats and mud. There is a rammed earth wall every 3 meters in the pit. Terracotta warriors and horses are displayed in the space between the walls, and the bottom is paved with blue bricks. There are more than 6, pottery figurines and horses in the No.1 pit, which look like real people and horses, so that more than 1, pieces can be dug up. Inside the pit is a rectangular army array composed of infantry figurines and cavalry figurines. At the eastern end, there are three rows of infantry figurines facing the east, with 7 pieces in each row and 21 pieces in total, which are the vanguard of the army array. Followed by cavalry and Xu chariots, with 38 columns before and after, each 18 meters long. Chariots and infantry are arranged alternately, which is the main body of the army array. There is a column on the left and right sides of the military array facing the north and south horizontal teams respectively. Each team has more than 18 warrior figures, which are the flank guards of the military array. At the western end, there are three horizontal lines, two facing east and one facing west, which are the defenders of the army array. The whole army array is closely laid out, which looks like it is ready to go. Warrior figurines have different bronze weapons, including knives, spears, swords and halberds in melee, and crossbows and arrowheads as shooting weapons. Among them, the arrow is 97 cm long and has eight edges. Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin with a dagger, and the king of Qin used this sword to cut the assassin. Although it has been eroded for more than two thousand years, the sword still maintains its solid and sharp nature.
in order to protect cultural relics and facilitate visits. There is an arched exhibition hall in No.1 pit, with a total area of 16, square meters and good lighting. The audience can see the majestic figure of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the pit from the reviewing platform.
No.2 pit is located in the northeast of No.1 pit and the east of No.3 pit. It is a square square with a length of 96 meters from east to west and a width of 84 meters from north to south, with a total area of about 6, square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array among the three pits. Pit No.2 has an exhibition hall of 17, square meters, which is the largest and most complete modern site exhibition hall in China. Yuan Zhongyi, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First, in order to better protect cultural relics, and second, because it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground. The advantage of this is that visitors can not only visit the local style of the second pit, but also see the excavation work of the second pit with their own eyes. "
according to the preliminary calculation, there are more than 1,3 pottery figurines and horses, more than 8 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in pit No.2, among which general figurines, saddle horse figurines and kneeling shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four sloping doorways at the east and west ends of No.2 pit, and two sloping doorways at the north. The figurine pit sits in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units.
the first unit, located at the east end of the figurine pit, has 6 vertical crossbowmen figurines in the surrounding promenade, and the array center is composed of 16 crossbowmen figurines crouching and kneeling in the east of Badao Road. Crossbowmen adopted the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and took turns shooting when standing and kneeling, in order to avoid the danger of slow tension.
The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (the chariots are made of wood, leaving only the remains). Each column is 8 times, and * * * has 8 columns. There are 4 terracotta horses the size of real horses in front of the car. At the back of each car, there are three soldiers and figures, the middle of which is the imperial hand Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right of the car respectively, holding long-handled weapons.
the third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariots, 264 infantry figures and 8 knight figures in a rectangular array, which is divided into three columns. A knight figurine stands in front of each horse, holding the reins in one hand and pulling the bow in the other. In addition to three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride.
Unit 4, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 18 knight figurines and 18 pottery pommel horse figurines arranged in 11 rows to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, the first and third columns are 6 chariots. Before each horse, stand a knight figurine in Hu suit, holding the horse with the right hand and the bow with the left hand.
No.3 pit is 25 meters west of No.1 pit, with an area of about 52 square meters and a concave shape. There is a chariot in front of the door, which contains 68 warrior figures. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it has not been built.
No.4 pit has no terracotta figures, only backfilled soil.
judging from the layout and formation of the two pits, the second pit has a complex formation and complete arms, so it is the backbone of the match. This grouping method is called "large array with small array, big camp with small camp, even falling and hooking, bending and bending" in the art of war. "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "Those who ride and fight can be divided into three parts, one is on the right, the other is on the left, the other is easy to ride more cars, the other is dangerous to ride more, and the other is wide-ranging." Only by organically combining the three can we win every battle. Pit No.2 is the theoretical diagram of this ancient strategist.
judging from the engraved year numbers of weapons unearthed from the terracotta warriors pit, the burial pit of terracotta warriors and horses was built before and after Qin Shihuang unified China. Qin Shihuang, by virtue of his ability of "wielding a sword to overcome floating clouds" and "driving a group of talents roughly", destroyed six countries and unified the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses reflect the momentum of the Qin Dynasty, which made Ma Zhuang stronger and more powerful. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai succeeded to the throne, and continued to overhaul Epang Palace and Chidao. The tax corvee was heavier than before, which led to the peasant uprising. In this form, the third pit was cut off in the middle, and the fourth pit was hastily filled before the Terracotta Warriors were put in. There are traces of fire found in the excavation, which may be related to the fact that Chu Bawang entered the customs and burned Epang Palace.
when I entered the hall of the museum, I saw thousands of life-size warriors lined up neatly in a place 5 meters underground. They were bronzed and 1.8 to 1.97 meters high, and they were all magnificent. It was really forbidding. There are also 32 pottery horses as big as real horses. Taoma is a group of four horses, dragging wooden chariots.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses are arranged in three rows facing east, with 7 warriors and 21 warriors in each row, which seems to be the vanguard of the army. Followed by infantry and chariots, there are 38 columns, each about 18 meters long, which seems to be the main body of the army. On the left and right sides, there is a horizontal team facing south and north, each team has about 18 warrior figures, which seems to be the two wings of the army. At the western end, there is a column of warriors facing west, which seems to be the defender of the army array. Some warriors and friends are wearing battle robes, some are wearing armor, and the bronze weapons in their hands are all real objects. Well-organized, team purge. Dozens of war horses hold their heads high and scream, and they are ready to walk. The whole army is ready to go.
The mighty and majestic military array represents the military achievements and prestige that Qin Shihuang showed in order to accomplish the great cause of reunifying China.
These terracotta warriors and horses are of great value in the art history. The creation of Terracotta Warriors and Horses is based on real life, and its artistic technique is exquisite and lively. The costumes and expressions of the terracotta figures are different. There are many kinds of hairstyles, different gestures and different facial expressions. From their costumes, expressions and gestures, we can tell whether they are officers or soldiers, infantry or cavalry. There are battle-hardened veterans with beards and young people who have just entered the battlefield. The general figurines, who are as high as 1.96 meters, stand upright, absorbed in thought, showing a strong and mighty look. The warrior figure, with his head slightly raised and his eyes looking straight ahead, looks high-spirited and somewhat childish. The warrior in armor, with his right hand holding a long hand and his left hand pressing the car, showed that he was a defending warrior.
In a word, the pottery figurines have distinct personality and strong characteristics of the times. These poems on military forces and horses are a treasure house of sculpture art, which adds luster to the splendid ancient culture of the Chinese nation and adds a glorious page to the history of world art.
The bronze weapons unearthed in the pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses include swords, spears, halberds, machetes, crossbows and arrows. According to the test data, these Cu-Sn alloy weapons have been chromized, and although they have been buried in the soil for more than 2, years, their blades are still sharp and shiny, which indicates that they have already had high metallurgical technology at that time and can be regarded as a miracle in the world metallurgical history.
After seeing the Terracotta Warriors, people can't help asking: What is the purpose of building the Terracotta Warriors pit? There are four kinds of sayings: "the guards guarding the capital", "the symbol of Qin Shihuang's east patrol guard", "the burial figurines" and "the monument erected in recognition of military achievements". According to the archaeological excavation of the Qin Mausoleum, mausoleum of the first qin emperor's overall layout is to simulate the map of Miyagi before his death. The three pits are located on the north side of the East Gate Avenue outside Lingwai City, which seems to be the guards stationed outside the capital to guard the capital.
There are many characters carved or stamped in the hidden places of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. According to some experts' research, some are the names of potters, some are from central official pottery workshops, and some are from local pottery workshops. Some words need to be cracked. Qin terracotta warriors and horses are made separately, then installed and bonded, usually after the bonded statue is formed, and then baked in the room. The original terracotta warriors and horses were colored, but now they only see gray tiles because of years of erosion.
The overall style of warrior figurines is vigorous, strong and handsome, and they are well-washed. If we look closely, there are differences in face, hairstyle, posture and verve, from which we can see that Qin Bing comes from different regions, has different nationalities and has different personalities. Tao Ma's ears are erect, some open their mouths and scream, and some shut up and stand still. All these are full of touching artistic charm. In the past, many people thought that the ancient sculptures in China were formed with the introduction of Buddhism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Dynasty denied this view, which strongly confirmed that the sculptures in China in Qin Dynasty were mature and played a connecting role in the history of Chinese sculpture.
From the unearthed weapons, the composition is mainly copper, and it also contains rare metals such as tin and lead. The hardness is HR16 degrees, and the surface is chrome-plated, which reflects that the metallurgical technology of Qin Dynasty in China has reached a considerable height, greatly exceeding that of foreign countries at the same time.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty provided rich material for studying the military, culture and economy of Qin Dynasty. Its excavation is known as "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 2th century". In December, 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (including the pit of figurines) in the World Cultural Heritage List. It is understood that with the support of the central and local governments, it is planned to invest 11 million yuan to carry out the second phase expansion project of the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses
The whole story of the excavation of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang
Yuan Zhongyi: This one has no beard. Look at this one. This one is bowed.
host: that's it, yes, that's it for the whole pit.
Yuan Zhongyi: The only one without a beard. This is the only one without a beard in the whole pit.
host: really, right here.
yuan Zhongyi: that's it, that's it, that's the one who bowed his head.
Moderator: Do you know what the reason is?
Yuan Zhongyi: It's hard to say for sure. Some people say it's a woman, but it's obviously not a woman, because there were no female soldiers in the Qin Dynasty. It was made by the same person as it, namely Xianyang Jing. There is a small one next to this one, and the small one is this one. This person is called Gong Guang, and this person made it.
Commentary: There are more than 6, terracotta figures of various shapes arranged in the exhibition hall of Pit 1 of the Terracotta Warriors, some of which are engraved with the names of the original makers. At present, at least 87 craftsmen have been found to have participated in the manufacture of the Terracotta Warriors. Regardless of whether the craftsman's name is engraved on his body, Yuan Lao can accurately tell who their maker is.
Moderator: Look at a craftsman whose name has not been engraved. I am particularly surprised that you can tell who did it. How did you tell?
yuan Zhongyi: it's different from one person's practice. Just like we look at some painters now, we can see at a glance which master made a certain painting. The same is true of pottery figurines. After touching them for a long time, you can see who made this figurine and who made that figurine.
Compere: That is to say, I have developed the ability of appraisal like calligraphy and painting.
yuan Zhongyi: I'm just used to it. I'm familiar with it. I once found a Gong C who made 45 pieces.
host: these 45 pieces are not all engraved with names?
Mr. Yuan: Not all of them have been engraved with their names. Their shapes and styles are the same. To sum up, it is like this.
Moderator: The style is the same. Can this judgment be described in words?
Yuan Zhongyi: For example, the terracotta figures made by Gong Bing are generally burly, with strength like an iron tower, and their hair is very realistic, but a little too stylized, which is different from those made by others. Some people make pottery figurines with wavy hair, and some seem to have made them with a handful of mud, and then they pull them with their fingers at once. He can't. He scraped it out with a hairpin-shaped tool. His style is a little different from others'.
host: I think you have so much to talk about.