(1) Siyi: refers to the surrounding ethnic groups. Such as Xiongnu, Southwest Yi and Guangdong Yue. (2) Utilitarianism: refers to salt and iron official camp, accounting and so on. (3) Labor cost: refers to labor and expenses. (4) Dong Zhongshu: This book has its own biography. (5) Poor harvest of wheat and rice: the harvest of wheat and rice is not good. (6) It is the loss of Spring and Autumn Annals: it refers to the loss of food crops valued by Spring and Autumn Annals every year. (7) utensils: refers to the problem of eating. (8) Dasinong: official name, in charge of tax money valley and national fiscal revenue. One of the nine ladies. (9) Beneficial lodging wheat: a variety of winter wheat. After (10): it means that the farming season is missed. (1 1) shall not exceed one tenth. (12) Let the people serve. (13) Tax matters: Serve the emperor and pay taxes in gunnar. (14) Love: Do your best. (15) Shuo (Yue): Shuo has the word "er" in the Tang Dynasty, which should be supplemented. (16) Advantages of Kawasawa: It refers to fish, salt and the like. (17) Rao of mountain forests: refers to minerals and timber. (18) month: it means one month every year. Watchman: Adult males (aged 23 to 56) serve in this county in turn. (19) Corrected chess pieces. Adult men serve in various counties, receive military training and maintain local public security; I also want to go to Beijing as a guard, or defend the capital, or serve officials, or guard the palace, or raise horses for officials, and so on. (20) Garrison: also known as "garrison" or "border defense". Adult men were transferred to the frontier to engage in frontier affairs. (2 1) Land rent: tax levied by field. In ancient times, the income collected from fields was called "rent", and the income collected from industrial and commercial commodities was called "tax", which was collectively called "rent tax" regardless of future generations. Koufu: or "oral money" or "oral calculation". Head tax. In the Han dynasty, taxes were levied on adults aged 15 to 56, and each person paid 120 yuan, which is called tax calculation. Children between the ages of seven and fourteen have to pay taxes, and each person receives 20 yuan a year. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also added San Qian to supplement the use of chariots and horses. (22) interests of salt and iron: the government monopolizes salt and iron and occupies its interests. (23) or farming the land of the rich: refers to renting the land of the rich landlords. Tax fifteen: five tenths of the land tax. (24) Boredom: it means that there is no life. (25) clothes: refers to criminals. (26) Tian Ming: Zhan Tian. (27) Go: Free. (28) Special killing: refers to killing handmaiden at will. (29) Wage: refers to corvee and tax collection.
At the end of the year, Liang Wudi repented and made the Prime Minister a rich man (1). The next imperial edict said, "Fang's task today is to help farmers." Take Zhao as the surname (2). Overcapacity is a substitute for fields, with three plots of land per mu. In the old generation, it was called Dai Tian, and so was the ancient law. Hou Ji began to plow, with two plots of land as a joint (4), with a width of feet and a depth of feet (5) and a length of acres (6). Three plots of land per mu, 300 plots per husband (7), and seeds are planted in the fields. Seedling leaves are above (8) and slightly covered by long grass (9) because the soil is covered by seedling roots. Therefore, the poem says: "Or cloud (cloud) or Guo (seed), millet and millet (Guo) (10)." Yun, weeding also. It is attached to the root. The seedlings are slightly stronger, with roots attached to each tiller, which is higher than that in summer (1 1), and the roots are deep (12), which can (resist) wind and drought, so it is better than that in summer (12) for all tillers (13). The rate of twelve husbands is one field, one well and one house (14), so it is five hectares (15), one plough (16) and three cows. The annual income is often more than one mu (17), which is twice as good. I have taught Tian Taichang and Sanfu before (18), and farmers set up workers and skilled slaves and engaged in them (19) as farm tools. There are 20 Ishida receivers (20) for thousands of commanders, three elders, farmers and well-cultivated elders. Learn to plow and raise seedlings. People suffer from fewer cows and die (nothing) for prosperity (2 1), so Pingdu Lingguang teaches people to pull plows (22). After polishing, I thought it was Cheng (23) and taught people to pull the plow (24). Many people pay 30 mu (25 mu) a day, and the minimum is 13 mu, so that more land can be reclaimed. After trying to leave the palace and die in the palace (26), I learned that there was more than one acre of land next to it (27). He named his family's field as three auxiliary public fields (28), and also taught Bianjun and Juyan City (29). It was Houbiancheng, Hedong, Hongnong, Sanfu and Taichangmin who replaced Tian (30) and got it with no effort.
(1) Prime Minister: refers to the car money ball. This book has its own biography. (2) A surname Su: official name: in charge of charger feed. (3) Dai Tian: Zhao's Dai Tian method is to divide an acre of land into three rows and three ridges (the species are in one row). The positions of ditches and ridges change every year, so it is called "wearing the sky". Gully: A ditch between ridges. If you sow, you will have a rest. (4) Double coupling: Ancient people had different views on coupling farming. It is said that two people * * * are holding a thunder, and one person is stepping on the pierced small bar with one foot, one spine at a time and moving backwards. It is said that two people cooperate, or work side by side, or take turns to operate, or one person breaks ground and the other person breaks ground (refer to China Agricultural History, Science Press, 1959 edition). (5) Wide feet and deep feet: In ancient times, the land area with a step of 100 steps was one mu, with six feet in one step and three ridges in one mu, so it was one foot wide. (6) Long final mu: refers to a field 600 feet long. Mu Chang 100 steps, each step is 6 feet, so Mu Chang is 600 feet long. (7) 300 mu: namely 100 mu. (8) Ye: Wang Niansun, Zhang et al. used the word "three" to match the word "Ye". (9) Hey, hoe. (10) Poems and other sentences: For the quotation, see The Book of Songs Xiaoya Fukuda. Weeding: weeding. Eruption: Use soil to restore the roots of crops. Hey: It looks lush. (1 1) Bi Shengshu: midsummer. (12) chiropractic: remove the word "flat" (Wang Niansun said). (13) There are: auxiliary words. (14) Rate: approximate. (15) Therefore, the mu is five hectares: Deng Zhan said, "The ancient hundred mu is twelve hectares, the ancient hundred steps are one mu, the Han dynasty's two hundred and forty steps are one mu, and the ancient one thousand and two hundred mu is five hectares today." (16) coupled plow: double plow. (17) Cropland: A field not cultivated by a ridge. A welcome: ten battles. (18) Taichang: official name. The main tombs are occupied, so they also teach farming (Su Lin said). Three assistants: Jing, Zuo and You Fufeng were three assistants in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. (19) Da Nong: that is, Da Sinong. Clever slave: refers to an official servant who is good at making hand-made farm tools. (20) 2,000 stones: refers to the county king. Captain: county magistrate. Counties with more than 10 thousand households are single, and counties with less than 10 thousand households are long. Three Elders: There were three elders in the county and township of Han Dynasty, who were in charge of education. Tian Li: Township officials and supervisors suggested agriculture. (2 1) Tending towards Ze: indicating deep ploughing. The surface is dry and the underground is wet. "Ze" refers to the underground wet place. Deep ploughing can benefit Ze, so it is called tending Ze. Up to now, farmers in northwest China still call deep ploughing the root cause (Jin said). (22) Pingdu: county name. In the southwest of Zichang County, Shaanxi Province. (23) Play with Light: According to legend, he was invited by the emperor to be a captain of Sousu. (24) Xiang Yong: Change jobs and cooperate. (25) rate: roughly. Many people: refers to many people pulling plows. Tian: It means cultivated land. (26) Detaining subordinate officers: minions guarding the palace. Tian: It means farming. Palace: an open space away from the inner and outer walls of a palace. (27) class: count. (28) Order: Make it also. Life home: refers to the home above the rank of male scholar (Zhao Wei said). Tian: It means farming. (29) Juyan City: In the southeast of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia today. (30) Hedong: county name. Public security city (northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province). Hongnong: County name. Zhi Hongnong (in Lingbao South, Henan Province).
By the time of Emperor Zhao Di, the refugees recovered a little, the fields were cleared up, and there were a large number of livestock (storage). When Xuan Di acceded to the throne, he chose many wise ministers, An Min, who were rich (1), five yuan for grain and stone, and less for agricultural grain. At that time, Zhong Shouchang, an old farmer, was lucky to put energy, commerce and public utilities in the last (2). He said in "The Fifth Phoenix" (3): "Story (4), when Cao Guandong Valley was old, 4 million people were invited to the capital (5), and 60,000 people were killed, so it was appropriate to support him in Sanfu, Hongnong, Hedong, Shangdang and Taiyuan County Valley. Bai Zenghai rented it three times (7), and the son of heaven followed his plan. The novel of the ancient imperial envoys (8): "Therefore, the imperial envoys belong to the Xugong family in Donglai (9), saying that the sea rent was increased a few years ago, but the fish could not be produced (10). The elders said that when Emperor Wu was in power, the county officials tried their best to catch fish for themselves (1 1), but the fish didn't come out, and then it was returned to the people, and the fish came out. The feeling of yin and yang, the corresponding thing, everything is fine. Now Shou Chang is going to build a warehouse to manage ships in Caoguan, which will cost more than 20 million yuan. It has the power to arouse the public, and people will be affected by the drought (12). Shouchang is used to the business of dividing merits. He is far-sighted, sincere, appropriate and in the same strain. "Listen or not. When Cao Cao succeeded, Shou Chang ordered the border counties to open positions, increasing their price when the grain was cheap, and reducing their price when the grain was expensive, which was called "continuous liquidation" (13). It depends on the people. The above is the imperial edict, which is addressed to Shou Chang, the official in Shanhaiguan Pass. Cai Gui advised the princess (14) to be a good agricultural ambassador and a senior official.
(1) bumper year: it means bumper harvest every year. (2) Senior Secretary Nong Zhongcheng: official name. It's a big sinong, but it's not in Guan Bai Biao. Quotient utility: The utility of economic measures can be calculated. (3) Five Phoenix: the year number of Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, * * * four years (57 years ago). 4 story: refers to political precedent. (5) Annual water transport capacity. (6) Shangdang: county name. Cure the eldest son (in today's Shanxi eldest son west). Taiyuan: County name. Governing Jinyang (in the southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province). (7) White: Chen Shi. Sea rent: aquatic product tax. In the Han dynasty, there was a Haicheng official who was in charge of the sea tax and belonged to a small government. (8) Xiao: This book has its own biography. (9) Shi Yu: official doctor Shi Yu. Donglai: County name, Ye Zhi County (in today's Ye County, Shandong Province). (10) The fish will not come out: it means that the fish will not surface. (1 1) County official: refers to the government. (12) Drought, etc. This man is rooted in nature. (13) Price reduction is precious: Wang Niansun said that the word "its" should be removed from the "price" and the word "benefiting the people" should be removed from the "price". (14) Cai Gui: A native of Handan, Guan Hongnong is the magistrate. See Yi Wenzhi.
Yuan Di ascended the throne, and the world was flooded, especially in Kanto County (1). Two years (2), the land is hungry, and there are more than 300 grains and stones. Many people starved to death, and people in Langye County ate each other (3). In office, the Confucians talked about salt and iron officials, fake farmland officials in the north, and often closed warehouses (4) and did not compete with the people for profits. From its discussion, all give up. Let's stop Zhang Jian, the guards in Ganquan Palace (5), make friends with brothers (6), work together with three officials (7), save the poor and ban the garden, and halve the guards in Shuai Temple (8). We also reduced the death toll by 500 and turned to Guzhen (relief) to lend money to the poor. After that, the cost was insufficient, and the salt was only iron.
(1) eleven counties: eleven counties. ② Two years: refers to the first two years (the first 47 years) in Yuan Di. ③ Langxie County: Han Zhi Wudong Qinzhi (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province). (4) Salt and iron officials: Salt and iron officials set up in counties and counties in the Han Dynasty. Geographically, there are 40 counties with iron officials: 28 counties with salt officials and 33 counties with salt officials. Vacation in the north: place names. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Jiashan River belt, north of Hetao and south of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia, was called "Northern Solar Term". (5) Wei: Guardian. (6) Corner arrival: a skill performance in Qin and Han Dynasties. Similar to wrestling today. (7) Sanfu Guan: located in Qilinzi, responsible for weaving clothes for spring, summer and winter in the palace. (8) Provincial parks are forbidden to the poor. Yang Shuda said, "Everything was done at the request of Gong Yu. See Biography of Yu. "
When he became emperor, there was no military revolution in the world, which was called happiness, but vulgar and extravagant, not for livestock (storage). In the second year of Yong's reign (1), the floods in Guo Liang and Pingyuan County were worse than those in the previous year (2), and the people ate each other and stayed away from each other (3).
(1) Forever two years: the first 15 years. (2) Guo Liang: Governing Suiyang (in the south of Shangqiu, Henan). Pingyuan County: Governing the Plain (southwest of Shandong Plain today). Other years: successive years. (3) Secretariat: official name. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided the whole country into twelve states, each with a secretariat, which was lower in rank and more powerful than the county magistrate.
When Eddie ascended the throne, Assistant Minister Stan (1) made a suggestion: "The ancient holy king had to set up a minefield before he could be leveled. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Zhou Dynasty inherited the Qin Bing Revolution, the world was empty and he advised agriculture to be handsome and frugal (2). When people start to get rich, there will be no harm, and it will not be limited to people's fields and handmaiden (3). Today, the world is peaceful, the rich officials and people are rich, and the poor and weak are (more) trapped. Cover the gentleman for politics, then change it (4). However, those who change it will take emergency measures. I won't elaborate on article (5), and it should be limited to article (6). " The son of heaven made a suggestion. Prime Minister Kong Guang and General He Wu invited (7): "Governors and princes are called Tian (8). Liehou is in Chang 'an, Princess Tianming County Road (9), Guanneihou and Guantianming are not more than 30 hectares (10). There are 200 vassal slaves (1 1), 30 liehou, princess 100, Shanhaiguan, officials and civilians. After three years (12), the offender did not enter the official position (13). " It's inconvenient (14) for Tian Zhai's handmaiden Jia (price) to be reduced, for Ding and Fu to be used (15), and for Dong Xian to be long and expensive (16). The imperial edict must be written later (18), so I can't sleep (19). The treasures of palaces and treasuries are already scarce, and although the wealth of the people is not as good as the cultural scene, the registered permanent residence in the world is the most prosperous (20).
(1) Stan: This book has its biography in Volume 86. (2) Rate: Set an example. (3) restrictions: make restrictions. (4) weight: it is not easy. (5) Not detailed: words cannot be changed. (6) ellipsis: roughly, roughly. (7) Kong Guang: This book has its biography in 81 volumes. He Wu: This book has biographies in 86 volumes. (8) Famous soldier Tian: Yan occupied land in his feudal country. (9) Liehou is in Chang 'an, and Princess Mingtian County Road: Liehou and Princess who live in Chang 'an (not sealed) can occupy land in the county road outside the capital. (10) Both Guanneihou and Guanminmingtian are less than 30 hectares: it means that from Liehou to Guanminmingtian, they are less than 30 hectares. (1 1) 200 people: indicating the limit of 200 people. (12) The cycle is three years: the adjustment is completed within three years. (13) Offenders will not be admitted to the official: it means that they will be admitted to the official after the time limit is exceeded. (14) Price reduction: Price reduction. (15) Ding and Fu: refers to, etc. See "Biography of consorts". (16) Dong Xian, the favorite of Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, has his own biography. (17) Inconvenience: indicates obstruction. (18) Beard: Waiting for the future. (19) I can't sleep: I finally put it on hold. (20) The number of registered permanent residence is the highest in the world: in the second year of Emperor Han Ping (AD 2), there were12.323 million households nationwide.
Ping Di collapsed and Wang took photos to usurp the throne (1). Because of the inheritance of Han Chengping, Wang Mang was called a vassal by the Huns, and they were all connected by boats and cars. He is all male and female servants, and the officials in the national treasury are very rich. There was once a headstrong man who was not completely thoughtful (2) and the Han family system was narrow (3), thinking that it was sparse and broad. Emperor Xuandi sealed Khan first, and sealed it with the son of heaven, and Yimou Town in the southwest was the king. Mang is to send Yi Khan to India and demote Wang Goumachi as Hou. Both sides began to complain and violated the border. Mang hence selectmen, sent three hundred people, want to destroy it at the same time, eliminate the huns in one fell swoop; Recruit Ding Nanjia, the prisoner of the world, to adjust his weapons (5) and go north at the expense of the sea (6). The messenger hurried to spread the news (7), and the sea disturbed him. He also moved to worship the ancient times, enfeoffment counties, change the dynasty and become an official (8). He ordered: "When the Han family reduced the rent and paid 30% tax, it often resulted in excessive tax (9) and forbidding salt (10), while the rich invaded the mausoleum and seized the land (165438+), and the rich were arrogant and evil, while the poor were poor and treacherous, all of them were trapped and punished well. (13) Today, Tian Tian was renamed as Wang Tian, and the handmaiden was a private property, so trading was prohibited. The male population is less than eight, and those who have crossed the well in the fields (14) belong to Tian and Jiuzu Township Party (15). " You give the order, the law dies, and the system is uncertain. Officials are traitors (16), the world is cold (17), and many people are in prison.
(1) Wang Mang reigned alive: Wang Mang reigned alive in December 6 and 8 AD. (2) Mental dissatisfaction: refers to mental dissatisfaction. (3) Narrowness: meanness (Zhang Zhao said). ④ Gou (Qu) Town: the king of Gou Town. For his name, see Biography of Southwest Yi. (5) Transfer of materials and weapons: transfer of materials and weapons stored in counties. (6) Negative sea: refers to the coast. (7) transmission: refers to passing through the car. Du Qu: Urged. (8) Change of official position: refers to change of official position. (9) Farming tax: a tax levied during the Qin and Han Dynasties, in which money was used instead of farming tax. Adult men (22 to 56 years old) take turns guarding the border for military service according to regulations, which is called multi-service. If you can't afford to be an official, you can hire a servant instead. This is called paying more. (10) Ba: It means to abandon. Buddy (lōng): refers to an abandoned disease (Duan Yucai's Notes on Explaining Words). (1 1) Land-divided robbery festival: refers to Hao Min renting land to the poor for farming and robbing them of taxes. The so-called "or farming the land to enrich the people, see tax five." False: that is, tax. "On Salt and Iron" says: "False and tax names are different, but they are the same." (12) Jue Ming 30: It means that it is nominally 30 taxes and 1 tax. (13) Punishment is good: it means to use punishment constantly. Error: shelved. (14) One well: 900 mu. (15) Jiuzu: usually refers to the four generations of my immediate family, namely, great-grandfather, great-grandfather, father, myself, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-grandson. (16) Fate: the meaning of opportunity. (17) Ow: There are many complaints and concerns.
In the last three years, if you don't know the people's worries, you must sell all the grain fields and private individuals, and you won't be arrested by law. However, the punishment is profound and its politics is chaotic. More than 200,000 border soldiers rely on county officials for food and clothing, and the expenses are insufficient. The number of border soldiers is (1), and the people are (more) poor. Frequent suffering and drought, death (no) have a flat age (2), and Gu Jia (price) is expensive (3).
(1) Number of transverse signs: repeated transverse signs. (2) Average age: refers to normal age. (3) Gui Xiang: It means rising.
At the end of the year, thieves got up, sent troops to attack, and left the officials hanging outside. The north and Qingxu (1) people eat each other, and there are 2000 meters of stones in the east of Luoyang. Mang sent three generals to open various warehouses in the east to help the poor (2), and sent doctors to teach the people to cook wood and make cheese; Cheese is inedible and troublesome. Hundreds of thousands of refugees entered the customs, (3) raising officials at their expense, stealing officials at their expense, and starving people. Shame on politics is the result of the following imperial edict: "I will suffer from Yang Jiu, 106 meeting (4), drought and frost locust (5), foreigners (6) and bandits (8), and the people will be miserable." Sorry about this, the harm will be investigated (7). "Years old for this, to death.
(1) Qing and Xu: Qingzhou and Xuzhou. Qingzhou is equivalent to the north of Shandong Province, and Xuzhou is equivalent to the north of Jiangsu Province and the southeast of Shandong Province. (2) Sangong: The Western Han Dynasty called the prime minister (Da Situ), Qiu (Fu) and the imperial examination champion (Da) Sangong. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiu, Situ and Sikong were called "Three Fairs". (3) Li: Rationing food. (4) Yang Jiu and Bai Liu: This ancient calendar is counted as an unlucky period. There is a saying in the Legal Records that "Yi" has nine words: first entering Yuan, 160, Jiuyang ". (5) recommendation: continuous. (6) Xiaxia: refers to disturbing the Central Plains. (7) research: it is said that it is exhausted.
Since then, the soldiers have been used to crusade against the four barbarians, and policies such as salt and iron official camp have been implemented for quick success and instant benefit. The people's taxes and labor are increasing day by day, and they are no longer at ease with agricultural production. Dong Zhongshu said to the emperor: "The Spring and Autumn Annals did not describe other food crops, but described the failure of wheat and rice. It can be seen that the saints attach the most importance to wheat and rice for the whole grain. At present, the custom in Guanzhong area is not to grow wheat, which will lose the food crops that Chunqiu pays special attention to every year; And affect people's eating problems. I hope your majesty will let the old farmers urge the Guanzhong people to plant winter wheat so as not to miss the farming season. " Say it again; "The ancient monarch taxed the people, but it was only one tenth. This tax is easy to pay. The former king drove the people to serve for no more than three days, so industrious people were also capable. The people's wealth is enough to support the elderly at home, provide taxes abroad, and support their wives and children at home. Therefore, they supported the emperor wholeheartedly. This was not the case in the Qin Dynasty. It used the decrees made by Shang Yang to change the former king system and abolish the well field system, so that people could buy and sell land freely. Therefore, there is a great disparity between the rich and the poor. The rich occupy large fields and the poor have no place to stand. It also has the benefits of fish and salt, is in charge of the production of minerals and wood, and is extravagant and boastful. Some people in counties and cities are as expensive as emperors, and some people in villages are as rich as princes. How can small people not be poor? In addition, since the age of 23, people have to work hard for the county local government for one month every year, in order to die even more. From the age of 23, they will be guardians for one year and knights of material officials for one year, which is the so-called regular army. The people's corvee burden is 30 times higher than that in ancient times. However, the government's land rent, tribute, salt and iron patents have increased by 20 times compared with ancient times. Some people rent the land of rich landlords and pay 50% of the land rent. So the poor often dress like cattle and horses and eat like pigs and dogs. Coupled with the indiscriminate punishment of corrupt officials, the people have no choice but to flee to the mountains to be thieves. Almost half the pedestrians on the road are dressed as criminals, and the government handles tens of millions of cases every year. After the establishment of the Han dynasty, it followed the Qin system and did not change much. Although it is difficult to implement the well field system in ancient times, some similar measures should be taken to limit private occupation of land to adjust the shortage of land, so as to block the way of land merger. Salt and iron are privately operated. Save handmaiden and abolish the privilege of killing handmaiden exclusively. Reduce taxes and corvees, and let the people recuperate. Only in this way can we govern the country. " After Dong Zhongshu's death, the imperial court spent more and more on various undertakings, and the world's financial resources dried up, and cannibalism began again.