Nobel
Bell learned the basic knowledge of engineering there, and he also has the talent of invention like his father.
Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, is an inventor and owns a large machinery factory in Russia. His father engaged in large-scale mine production in St. Petersburg on 1840- 1859. These mines and other weapons were used in the Crimean war. He invented the boiler system for home heating, the machine for making wooden wheels, designed and manufactured a large forging hammer, and transformed the factory equipment.
1853 in may, tsar Nicholas I made an exception and awarded Emmanuel nobel a medal in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's endless creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a brilliant road of scientific invention.
The Nobel family left Stockholm on 1842 to reunite with their father in St. Petersburg at that time. Among his 299 invention patents, there are 129 inventions about explosives, so Nobel is called the king of explosives.
Nobel has never been married and has no children. Suffering from illness for most of my life. He had two famous sayings before his death: "I care more about the belly of the living than commemorating the dead in the form of a monument" and "I don't see any honor I deserve, and I'm not interested in it". What a simple language! But it tells the truth. Luxurious language, language wrapped in a gorgeous coat, sometimes doesn't work.
Scientific research life
Nobel's father moved back to Sweden in 1859. At that time, many countries urgently demanded to develop mining industry and speed up mining. Explosives can't meet this need, which is a big problem to be solved urgently. Nobel, who knows the industrial situation of various countries, has strengthened his determination to increase the output of explosives. At this time, an amazing news came: France invented explosives with excellent performance. In fact, the news is inaccurate. It turned out that General Piguet, a famous French ordnance expert, found that there could be no better result with the existing explosives when studying how to improve the range and speed of bullets, and he had to improve the explosives. So, the war department organized forces and began to study explosives. This incident prompted Nobel to devote himself to the study of explosives.
Nobel was locked in the laboratory all day, looking up information and doing various explosion experiments again and again. His parents understand the danger of engaging in explosives and are very unhappy about his changing his major. One day, his father said to him, "Son, your job is mechanical, so you should concentrate on your work, and you'd better not be distracted in other ways." Nobel said: "It is very important to improve explosives. Once used in production, it will create great wealth for mankind. Of course, danger is inevitable. I will try to be careful. " Since then, Nobel has often publicized and explained the significance of improving explosives to relatives and friends. In this way, more and more people sympathized with him and sponsored him. Even his parents who opposed him were moved by his strong will and had to acquiesce.
Research on explosives: Before Nobel, many people studied and made explosives, and black powder from China had already spread to Europe. Nitroglycerin was invented by Italian Subero in 1847, and it is a kind of high explosive which is much more powerful than black powder. However, this kind of explosive is particularly sensitive, easy to explode and dangerous to manufacture, store and transport. People don't know how to use it.
1at the beginning of 862, Nobel's brother tried to make better explosives with nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin, he thought, is a liquid and difficult to control. If mixed with solid black powder, it can be made into a good explosive. After repeated experiments, he found that the power of explosives was greatly weakened after being left for several hours, and it was of no practical value. Old Nobel failed. Nobel continued his research. In the past, people used to ignite the fuse to trigger the explosion of black powder, which was safe and reliable. However, this method cannot make nitroglycerin explode. Nitroglycerin is not only easy to explode by itself, but also difficult to explode according to human requirements. Therefore, in the ten years after its invention, it was not used as an explosive except for treating angina pectoris. 1862 In May and June, Nobel made a very important experiment: put nitroglycerin in a small glass tube and plug the nozzle; Then, put this glass tube into a slightly larger metal tube filled with black powder, plug in the fire tube and plug the metal nozzle tightly; After lighting the fire tube, throw the metal tube into the ditch. As a result, there was a violent explosion, which was obviously much more violent than the explosion of the same amount of black powder. This shows that all nitroglycerin has completely exploded. This situation inspired Nobel to realize that in a sealed container, a small amount of black powder exploded first, which could completely explode the separated nitroglycerin.
1In the autumn of 863, Nobel and his younger brother set up a laboratory in Helenpo, Stockholm, engaged in the manufacture and research of nitroglycerin. After many experiments, at the end of this year, Nobel finally invented an effective method to make nitroglycerin explode. At first, Nobel used black powder as detonator; Later, he invented a detonator to detonate nitroglycerin.
In 1864, he obtained a patent for this invention. After the initial success, great setbacks followed.
1On September 3rd, 864, an explosion occurred in Helenpo laboratory while making nitroglycerin, killing five people on the spot, including Nobel's younger brother. After the disaster, the surrounding residents were very frightened and strongly opposed to Nobel's production of nitroglycerin there. As a result, Nobel had to transfer the equipment to Lake Malaren near Stockholm to make nitroglycerin on board. After many twists and turns, in March of 1865, Nobel found a new site in Winterwigan, where he built the world's first nitroglycerin factory.
The explosion family is really full of thorns on the road of Nobel's progress. All countries in the world buy nitroglycerin made by him, which often explodes: an American train is blown into a pile of scrap iron because of explosive explosion; A factory in Germany, due to the explosion of explosives, the factory building and nearby houses were all in ruins; The seagoing ship "Europa" was bumped by strong winds in the Atlantic Ocean, causing nitroglycerin to explode and sink. These tragic accidents have made countries around the world lose confidence in nitroglycerin, and some countries even banned the manufacture, storage and transportation of nitroglycerin. In the face of this difficult situation, Nobel did not lose heart. He is convinced that it is entirely possible to solve the problem of unstable nitroglycerin. A year has passed. Nobel found in repeated experiments that the danger of explosion can be reduced by adsorbing nitroglycerin with some porous charcoal powder, sawdust and diatomite. Finally, he used a heavy diatomite to adsorb three nitroglycerin, and made nitroglycerin industrial explosive which was safe to transport and use for the first time. This is a Nobel safe explosive.
In order to dispel people's doubts and fears about nitroglycerin explosives,1On July 4, 867, Nobel made a comparative experiment in a mine in England: he first put a box of safe explosives on a pile of firewood and lit it. As a result, the box of explosives did not explode; He dropped another box of safety explosives from a cliff about 20 meters high. As a result, this box of explosives did not explode. Then, he placed safety explosives in caves, iron drums and boreholes and detonated them with detonators. And it all exploded. The experiment was a complete success and left a deep impression on the visitors. Nobel's safety explosives are really safe. Soon, Nobel established the Safe Explosives Trust Company to sell this kind of explosives to the whole world. Since then, people have ended the era of producing black powder in manual workshops and entered the stage of large-scale industrial production of safe explosives.
1873, the Nobel Trust Fund for Safe Explosives has set up a general office in Paris with a laboratory. He did many experiments here to improve the manufacturing method of explosives. Nobel's safety explosives are much more powerful than black powder, and they are safe and reliable, so the sales volume has soared and gradually swept the world. 1867 sold 1 1 ton, 1874 sold 3000 tons. Safety explosives also have disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is that the explosive force is not as great as that of pure nitroglycerin. It is for this reason that nitroglycerin is still used as an explosive in some places. How to find a new explosive with both the explosive power of nitroglycerin and the safety performance of safe explosives has become the goal that many inventors have been trying to find for some time. This time, it was Nobel who succeeded first. One day, while working in the laboratory, Nobel cut his finger and put a nitrocellulose with low nitrogen content on the wound. That night, he couldn't sleep because of the pain in the wound. He lay in bed thinking about the main problem in his work: how to mix nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin. Nitrocellulose is made by the interaction between cellulose and mixed acid of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, and it is a kind of thing that is easy to catch fire. Because of the different mixing ratio of nitric acid and sulfuric acid and different action time, the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose produced is high or low. Nobel has long wanted to mix nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose to make explosives, but it has not been successful. Inspired by the fact that dressings can absorb blood, Nobel suddenly thought of whether nitrocellulose with low nitrogen content can be mixed with nitroglycerin. He got up, forgot the pain in his fingers, ran to the laboratory and started the experiment alone. He dissolved about one part of collodion in nine parts of nitroglycerin and got a kind of explosive glue-fried glue. The next day, when Nobel's assistant Warren Bach went to work, a new type of explosive glue had been made. Wallenbach was pleasantly surprised, and he admired his ecstasy. After years of experiments, 1887, Nobel added a small amount of camphor to nitroglycerin and collodion, and invented smokeless gunpowder. Until today, gunpowder widely used in military industry belongs to this type. Smokeless powder is much more explosive than black powder, and it burns fully and has little smoke, so people call it smokeless powder. To make explosives, it is necessary to have powerful explosive power, be safe and reliable, and be able to explode at any time according to people's requirements. Nobel made safe explosives, smokeless powder and detonators, which solved these three problems well. People call Nobel the king of explosives, and he deserves it. Nobel studied explosives and always attached importance to applying the research results to production. He believes that only inventions that achieve practical results in production are useful. Therefore, his invention can be applied to production quickly and get real economic benefits immediately. 1863, Nobel invented nitroglycerin detonator. That autumn, he began to make nitroglycerin and detonators in his laboratory. 1865, just outside Stockholm, the first nitroglycerin factory was built. 1866, Nobel made a safe explosive and put it into production the next year. After three years, the annual sales increased from 1 1 ton to 424 tons, and after seven years, it surged to 3 120 tons. Nobel pioneered the rapid application of scientific research results to production. Nobel, a versatile inventor of explosives, is a versatile with rich knowledge and wide interests. He is quite familiar with electricity, optics, mechanics, biology and physiology, and often associates his research with other disciplines. He said: "All kinds of sciences are interrelated in essence. In order to solve problems in a certain scientific field, we should rely on other relevant scientific knowledge. " Nobel won 355 patents in his life. In his later years, he experimented with rayon and rubber. Although it didn't succeed, it was of great help to his later inventions. Speaking of Nobel, people praised him as a great inventor. Few people know that he is also a poet and a literary lover. He likes reading various literary masterpieces from Sweden, Britain, France, Germany and Russia. He especially likes the poems of the English poet Shelley. In a lyric poem he wrote, there is such a sentence: "I only know how to concentrate on reading and exploring nature, and draw knowledge from a vast and profound treasure house of knowledge." He also wrote novels such as Brothers and Sisters and The Happiest Africa.1896 65438+February 10 died.
Study explosives
After returning to Sweden, Nobel began to make nitroglycerin, a liquid explosive. 1864 Shortly after the explosive was put into production, the factory exploded, killing Nobel's youngest brother Emil and four others. Because of the great danger, the Swedish government banned the reconstruction of the factory. Nobel, considered as a "scientific madman", had to borrow a boat from a friend and conduct experiments on a boat on the lake to find ways to reduce the danger when moving nitroglycerin. By chance, he found that nitroglycerin could be adsorbed by dry diatomite; This mixture can be safely transported. The above findings enabled him to improve yellow explosives and necessary detonators. After the yellow explosives were patented in Britain (1867) and the United States (1868), Nobel made further experiments and developed a more powerful explosive adhesive of the same type, which was patented in 1876. About 10 years later, the earliest nitroglycerin smokeless powder ballistic explosive was developed. He demanded that the patent right of ballistic explosives should include Kodak explosives, but it was rejected by the court. Nobel has shares in the explosive manufacturing industry all over the world, and his property rights in Baku oil field in Russia are huge, so he will travel all over the world. Nobel is essentially a pacifist, hoping that the destructive explosives he invented will help destroy the war, but his views on mankind and the country are pessimistic [1].
After growing up, he studied in St. Petersburg, and Nobel went to France and the United States for further study. He returned to Sweden to study and invent chemistry, especially explosives. Nobel and his son set up a laboratory in the suburb of Stockholm, and developed a mercury tube to solve the detonation of explosives for the first time. 1863 began to produce glycerol explosives. Because liquid explosives are prone to explosion accidents, in 1866, he made a solid safe violent explosive "Danamat", which became the cornerstone of Nobel International Industrial Group in the future. 1867 invented the safety detonator, and then successively invented various more powerful explosives. He had nearly 400 inventions such as explosives and rayon in his life and obtained 85 patents. These inventions made Nobel occupy an important position in the history of world chemistry. Nobel accumulated a lot of wealth by making explosives. He bought the Swedish chemical plant B. Gorsbon Arms and held a majority stake. He also established the Nobel Chemical Company, opened two trust companies for producing explosives in western European countries, and owned the Nobel Brothers Company to conduct oil exploration in Baku, Russia.
In his will, he created the Nobel Prize with his great wealth, and all kinds of Nobel Prizes were named after him. Artificial elements are named after Nobel. The ninth volume of the Chinese language of the national standard Su Jiao Edition (the first volume of the fifth grade) also introduces Nobel's deeds and is included in the text.