Experimental study on medicinal mechanism and toxicity of montmorillonite
Han Xiushan 1, Xu Jialiang 1, Damon 1, Ma Wenjie 1, Jong Li 1 and Angela Yu Chien 2
(1 Zhejiang Sanding Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 31271; 2 Laizhou Animal Science Service Department, Laizhou City, Shandong Province, 261418)
Abstract: The medicinal mechanism, medicinal value and clinical basic research of montmorillonite are introduced, and it is pointed out that montmorillonite has extremely low toxicity and is a basically non-toxic preparation. At the same time, it is also expounded that both montmorillonite used for human beings and montmorillonite used for animal feed (veterinary drugs) must be purified, nontoxic (arsenic, mercury, lead) and cristobalite (cristobalite is a carcinogen), and any direct application of bentonite will cause harm to human beings and livestock.
Keywords: montmorillonite; Medicinal mechanism; Toxicological experiment; Clinical application; Fang Yingshi; Carcinogen; Bentonite; Blue absorption; XRD
montmorillonite is a natural aluminosilicate, and its particles are composed of silicon, aluminum and a small amount of iron, magnesium and calcium, which has a strong covering ability to the digestive tract mucosa, and can protect the mucosa and adsorb various viruses, bacteria and their toxins. It can be used to treat esophagitis, gastritis and peptic ulcer, especially diarrhea caused by various reasons.
1 medicinal mechanism of montmorillonite
The medicinal mechanism of montmorillonite mainly depends on its adsorption and gelling properties. Therefore, montmorillonite can be adsorbed on the mucosa of digestive tract, and adsorb and fix pathogenic microorganisms, so as to rupture, dehydrate and even inactivate them; At the same time, montmorillonite can also adsorb and remove toxins produced by pathogenic microorganisms and harmful factors emitted by the body to resist pathogens, so that the focus is in a favorable environment; Improving the quality and quantity of mucus can combine with mucus protein to enhance the cohesiveness and cohesion of mucus, achieve the function of mucus barrier and resist the invasion of foreign pathogens; Montmorillonite can be used as suspension, binder, carrier and diluent of drugs because of its conversion between gelation and fluidity in certain environment.
Montmorillonite particles have a huge surface area, and each gram of powder can cover 1-11 m2 of digestive tract surface, which significantly improves the quality and quantity of digestive tract mucus, strengthens the role of mucosal barrier, and helps the recovery and regeneration of digestive tract epithelial cells.
montmorillonite has uneven electrification. Al3+ in montmorillonite is replaced by Ca2+ and Mg2+, which makes the charge distribution uneven, the basic layer is negatively charged, and the interlayer is positively charged, which makes montmorillonite have strong electrostatic adsorption capacity. Adsorption and immobilization can inhibit a variety of viruses, bacteria and their toxins, balance normal flora and improve the immune function of digestive tract.
Montmorillonite has viscoplasticity, which can slide between layers and spread in the digestive tract, and layers are not scattered and separated, thus forming a continuous protective film.
2 Study on the Medicinal Value of Montmorillonite
Rotavirus: An animal study conducted in France showed that Montmorillonite can protect mucosal villi from rotavirus, and the morphology of intestinal mucosa in Montmorillonite group remained basically normal.
Escherichia coli: After the ileum of rabbits is infected with Escherichia coli, taking montmorillonite can reduce the mucosal damage, rebuild the absorption of water and electrolyte, and promote the villi to return to normal shape.
Campylobacter jejuni: Campylobacter jejuni can not only colonize the intestine, but also enter the blood circulation and colonize other parts of the body. After using montmorillonite, the digestive tract mucosa was not damaged, and there were no displaced bacteria in other parts. The side shows that montmorillonite can promote the regeneration and repair of injured intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and has obvious protective effect on intestinal mucosal barrier.
Burn: In rats without taking montmorillonite, the submucosal blood vessels in the whole small intestine were slightly congested 12 hours after injury, and in severe cases, there were small intestinal ulcers or even intestinal epithelial exfoliation, and the intestinal wall was edematous and involved myenteric ganglion cells, especially 1-3 days after injury. However, in the montmorillonite treatment group, the intestinal epithelium exfoliated slightly after injury, the villi were intact and arranged neatly, and the intestinal epithelium regeneration ability was strong.
gout: the experimental results show that montmorillonite has a strong adsorption effect on uric acid in simulated intestinal juice, and the adsorption effect of montmorillonite with different concentrations has obvious dose-effect relationship. With the increase of montmorillonite concentration, the residual amount of uric acid in uric acid solution decreases. The adsorption capacity of 2g/L montmorillonite to 58.89mg/L uric acid solution reached 88%, which was stronger than that of medicinal carbon. The adsorption capacity of 8g/L montmorillonite to 58.89mg/L uric acid solution is close to 95%. However, the adsorption rate per unit montmorillonite decreases with the increase of montmorillonite content. The adsorption rate of montmorillonite with the same concentration (2g/L) for uric acid with different concentrations ranged from 7% to 75%, with little difference. The aging curve of montmorillonite adsorption of uric acid shows that the adsorption is fast, and more than 6% of uric acid can be absorbed within half an hour, and the adsorption rate gradually increases with time, and basically reaches equilibrium after 1 hour. The adsorption capacity of montmorillonite also changes with the pH value of the solution. The adsorption rate is high in acidic environment (pH 2-6) and decreases in alkaline environment (pH 8-1). In the environment of pH 6-8, the adsorption rate is 6%-8%, and the pH range of intestine is 6-8, so montmorillonite can adsorb uric acid in intestine.
Coagulation: Montmorillonite activates coagulation factors, forms blood clots with montmorillonite particles as the core on the surface of digestive tract, and can also promote vasoconstriction, slow down local blood flow and reduce bleeding.
antibody: there is no indication that any microorganism has developed resistance to montmorillonite. Montmorillonite does not enter the blood, is completely eliminated from the body, and never remains.
3 Clinical Basic Research of Montmorillonite
Shortening diarrhea duration: A double-blind placebo-controlled study showed that the average diarrhea duration of children with acute diarrhea was shortened [(54.1 2.35) hours], which was significantly different from that of the placebo group [(72.9 1.98) hours] (P=.1). After 24 hours of treatment, the percentage of patients with persistent diarrhea in montmorillonite group was significantly lower than that in placebo group. It is suggested that montmorillonite can reduce the time for parents to take care of children and the hospitalization time of children, and reduce the total medical expenditure. Another Italian study involving 84 children also showed that montmorillonite effectively shortened the duration of diarrhea, and the number of patients with diarrhea lasting more than 7 days in the treatment group was significantly reduced.
Reduce defecation times: Montmorillonite can shorten the duration of diarrhea and reduce the daily defecation times. A meta-analysis showed that the defecation frequency of montmorillonite group was significantly less than that of placebo group at any time during treatment. After 3 days of treatment, the recovery rate of diarrhea was significantly improved.
Changing stool characteristics: The multi-center, randomized and positive drug-controlled study conducted by China Natural Montmorillonite Powder Observation Collaboration Group in adult patients with chronic diarrhea shows that montmorillonite is superior to Bifidobacterium Triple Live Bacteria Capsule in changing stool frequency and characteristics in patients with chronic functional diarrhea. On each day of the course of treatment, the stool frequency in montmorillonite group was significantly less than that in placebo group, and Bristol stool character score was also better in montmorillonite group than that in placebo group (P=.1).
mycotoxin removal: according to the test of feed science research institute of Zhejiang University, nano-montmorillonite has strong adsorption effect on mycotoxin, and the adsorption force (%) is as follows: aflatoxin, 1%; Zearalenone, 88%; Ochratoxin, 72%; Ergot toxin, 1%; Fusarium moniliforme toxin, 91%
Treatment of diarrhea: Montmorillonite can obviously inhibit diarrhea in mice caused by Senna leaves in a dose-dependent manner; It can also alleviate colon inflammation caused by senna.
montmorillonite is effective for diarrhea caused by various causes, as shown in table 1.
Table 1 Therapeutic evaluation of several drugs for diarrhea
Therapeutic evaluation of drug categories (+effective, –ineffective)
bacterial diarrhea, viral diarrhea, indigestion diarrhea, dysbacteriosis diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis
antibiotic+-+
intestinal peristalsis inhibitor–++-
microecological preparation+-+-
montmorillonite+++
detoxification: Clinical montmorillonite can be used for emergency gastric lavage.
4 Non-toxic test of montmorillonite
Tongji Medical University thinks that the toxicity of montmorillonite is extremely low, so it is impossible to measure LD5, so it is necessary to measure its maximum tolerance to evaluate its safety. Mice were given ig at a concentration of .6g/ml and a volume of 2ml/kg for three times a day, and no animal died. Its maximum daily tolerance is 36g/kg.
montmorillonite is a basically non-toxic preparation.
5 standards of montmorillonite
The definition of montmorillonite products in China is not uniform, which often leads to ambiguity of montmorillonite products. At present, there are two definitions of montmorillonite products. One is the definition of montmorillonite products in non-metallic mineral industry: clay minerals with montmorillonite content greater than 8% are called montmorillonite, such as montmorillonite desiccant, etc. The product content is mostly qualitative and quantitative by methods such as blue absorption, and the grade is nothing more than high-purity bentonite. Montmorillonite is a major component of bentonite, but bentonite is not montmorillonite, and montmorillonite is not bentonite, but montmorillonite needs to be purified from bentonite; The other is the requirement of medicine and cosmetics industries for montmorillonite products, which is the real montmorillonite, and its concept is close to the definition of montmorillonite in the field of scientific research. The content of its products is mostly qualitative and quantitative by XRD and other methods. The montmorillonite mentioned in this paper is the montmorillonite product at this level. In order to distinguish it from montmorillonite products in nonmetallic mining industry, the name of octahedral montmorillonite or hexagonal montmorillonite is often used at home and abroad.
Montmorillonite used in human or animal feed (veterinary drugs) must be purified, and it must be determined that it is non-toxic (arsenic, mercury and lead) and that there is cristobalite (cristobalite is a carcinogen). Any direct application of bentonite will cause harm to human beings and livestock.