Madame Curie1867165438+10 was born in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, under the rule of the Russian invaders, and was the youngest of five daughters. My father is a physics professor at Warsaw University. Her childhood was unfortunate, and her mother had a serious infectious disease, which was brought up by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.
Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply nurtured little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. From 65438 to 0886, she began to be a tutor for a long time and taught herself various subjects. 189 1 year, she went to Paris university for further study, studying physics and mathematics, and obtained these two master's degrees. After finishing her studies, she intended to return to her motherland to serve the enslaved Polish people, but her acquaintance with pierre curie (1859 ~ 1906) changed her plan. 1895, she married Pierre. 1897, she gave birth to a daughter, a future Nobel Prize winner. The research work of French physicist becquerel attracted the attention of Madame Curie. When becquerel was investigating a rare mineral "uranium salt", he discovered a kind of "uranium ray" called Becquerel ray after X-ray was discovered in Roentgen 1845- 1923. The ray discovered by Bekkerel aroused great interest of Madame Curie. Where does the energy of radiation come from? Madame Curie saw that no one in all laboratories in Europe had studied uranium rays in depth at that time, so she decided to enter this field. However, due to the extreme shortage of school equipment and houses at that time, it was impossible to provide good experimental conditions and places for Madame Curie. At Pierre's repeated requests, the headmaster allowed Madame Curie to use a damp hut for physical and chemical experiments. The laboratory conditions of the Curies are extremely poor. In summer, because the ceiling is glass, it is sunburned like an oven. In winter, people are freezing with cold. The Curies overcame unimaginable difficulties and worked hard for their ideals.
Madame Curie received a higher education in chemistry and had rich chemical knowledge. When studying uranium salt mines, she thinks there is no reason to prove that uranium is the only chemical element that can emit radiation. According to Mendeleev's periodic law of elements, she determined the elements arranged one by one, and soon found that thorium-containing compounds can automatically emit rays, which are similar to uranium rays and have similar intensity. Madame Curie realized that this phenomenon is not only a characteristic of uranium, but also must be given a new name. Madame Curie called it "radioactivity", and uranium, thorium and other substances with this special "radioactivity" function were called "radioactive elements".
After measuring a large number of minerals that can be collected, Madame Curie found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende was far greater than expected. After careful study, it was found that the contents of uranium and thorium in these pitchblende could not explain the radioactive intensity she observed. Where did this unusually high radioactivity come from? There is only one explanation: these bituminous minerals contain a small amount of new elements that are more radioactive than uranium and thorium. Madame Curie has checked all the known elements in her previous experiments. Madame Curie concluded that this is a new element unknown to mankind.
Madame Curie's discovery caught Pierre's attention, and the Curies marched into the unknown elements together. In the damp studio, through the joint efforts of the Curie couple, in July 1898, they announced the discovery of this new element, which is 400 times more radioactive than pure uranium. To commemorate Madame Curie's motherland-Poland, the new element was named polonium (meaning Poland).
1898 to 65438+February, the Curies announced the discovery of a second radioactive element, which is more radioactive than polonium. They named this new element "Radium". However, at that time, no one could confirm their discovery, because according to the tradition of chemistry, when a scientist announces the discovery of a new element, he must get the physical object and accurately determine its atomic weight. However, in Madame Curie's report, there are no atomic weights of needles and radium, and there are no samples of radium at hand. The Curies decided to prove it with real objects. At that time, pitchblende containing polonium and radium was a very expensive mineral, mainly produced in the San Joachimstahl mine in Bohemia. People refine this mineral and extract uranium salts to make colored glass. For the poor Curie couple, how can they afford the necessary expenses for this job? Their wisdom constitutes financial resources. They predict that after uranium is extracted, new radioactive elements contained in minerals will definitely still exist, so they can be found in mineral residues after uranium salt extraction. After many twists and turns, the Austrian government decided to give the Curie couple a ton of slag, and promised that if they needed a lot of slag in the future, they could supply it on the most favorable terms. In order to extract radium, Madame Curie immediately put herself into the extraction experiment. She melted more than 20 kilograms of waste residue in a smelting pot, stirred the boiling substance with a thick iron bar for several hours, and then extracted only one millionth of trace substances from it. They work from 1898 to 1902. After tens of thousands of times of refining, they treated dozens of tons of ore residue and finally got 0.l gram of radium salt, whose atomic weight was determined to be 225.
Radium was born!
The Curie couple confirmed the existence of radium, which made the whole world pay attention to the radioactive phenomenon. The discovery of radium triggered a real revolution in the scientific community. Madame Curie finished her doctoral thesis entitled (Research on Radioactive Substances). 1903, Madame Curie received a doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In the same year, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Pierre curie was killed by a carriage in 1906, but Madame Curie did not fall. She continued her research and found it together with Andre Debienne (1874-1949) from the pitchblende in 19 10.
19 14 When World War I broke out, Madame Curie equipped an ambulance with X-ray equipment and drove to the front. The International Red Cross appointed her as the head of the radiation rescue department. With the help of her daughters Irene Curie and Martha Klein, Madame Curie opened a course at the Radium Institute for doctors and nurses in military hospitals to teach them how to use the new technology of X-ray. In the late 1920s, Madame Curie's health began to deteriorate. Long-term radiation exposure made her suffer from leukemia, and finally1died on July 4, 934. A few months before this, her daughter Irene Curie and her son-in-law Joliot-Curie announced the discovery of artificial radioactivity (for which they won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry).
Madame Curie was poor for most of her life, and the arduous process of extracting radium was completed under harsh conditions. The Curies refused to patent any of their discoveries, so that everyone could use their discoveries freely. They used the Nobel Prize and its prize money for future research. One of the outstanding applications of their research work is the application of radiation to treat cancer.
The Curie couple confirmed the existence of radium, which made the whole world pay attention to the radioactive phenomenon. The discovery of radium triggered a real revolution in the scientific community. Madame Curie finished her doctoral thesis entitled (Research on Radioactive Substances). 1903, Madame Curie received a doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In the same year, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Pierre curie was killed by a carriage in 1906, but Madame Curie did not fall. She continued her research and found it together with Andre Debienne (1874-1949) from the pitchblende in 19 10. Madame Curie continued to study the application of radium in chemistry and medicine, and won the 19 1 1 year Nobel Prize in chemistry for separating pure metal radium.
19 14 When World War I broke out, Madame Curie equipped an ambulance with X-ray equipment and drove to the front. The International Red Cross appointed her as the head of the radiation rescue department. With the help of her daughters Irene Curie and Martha Klein, Madame Curie opened a course at the Radium Institute for doctors and nurses in military hospitals to teach them how to use the new technology of X-ray. In the late 1920s, Madame Curie's health began to deteriorate. Long-term radiation exposure made her suffer from leukemia, and finally1died on July 4, 934. A few months before this, her daughter Irene Curie and her son-in-law Joliot-Curie announced the discovery of artificial radioactivity (for which they won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry).
Madame Curie was poor for most of her life, and the arduous process of extracting radium was completed under harsh conditions. The Curies refused to patent any of their discoveries, so that everyone could use their discoveries freely. They used the Nobel Prize and its prize money for future research. One of the outstanding applications of their research work is the application of radiation to treat cancer.
Research areas:
Radiation physics, chemistry, mathematics
Works:
Radioactive elements polonium and radium were discovered.
2. Propose that-rays (now known to be composed of electrons) are negatively charged particles.
Awards:
Madame Curie won 10 kinds of famous prizes, including the Nobel Prize, and won 16 medals awarded by international advanced academic institutions. Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Among all the celebrities I know, Madame Curie is the only one who is not reversed by fame.
1 and 1903, the curies and becquerel both won the Nobel Prize in physics.
2.191/kloc-0 won the nobel prize in chemistry for separating pure metal radium.
Respondent: qq Tian Tian-Assistant Level 2 4- 16 2 1: 14.
Marie Curie, or more precisely Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on 1 1867 1 1 July 7th. At that time, the Polish capital was occupied by Russians, who tried to weaken the local elite, but tolerated the rise of positivism advocated by Auguste Comte. Based on the value of experience and scientific reality, and applied to society, this is the road to progress for many intellectuals; This will leave an indelible mark on Maria. She was born in a teacher's family, grew up in an environment full of responsibility and lack of money, and lived the simplest life. From the early death of one of her sisters and her mother, she came to an agnosticism, which later supported her belief in science. As a talented and mature student, Maria has a rare talent for concentration, and she has a dream of pursuing a scientific career, which was incredible for a woman at that time. But the lack of funds means that she has to become a private teacher. She made great financial sacrifices, so that her sister Bronia could realize her wish to study medicine in Paris, and hoped that this kindness would be rewarded.
In this way, in 189 1 year, the shy Maria came to Paris. Ambitious and self-taught, she has only one obsession: learning. She passed a degree in physics with honors, and then went on to study for a degree in mathematics. Just then, a Polish friend introduced her to pierre curie, a shy and introverted young man. 1895, this free thinker who is famous for his work in crystallography and magnetism became her husband. A year ago, he wrote to her and said, "How wonderful it is to live side by side under the influence of our dreams: your patriotic dream, our humanitarian dream and our scientific dream."
Marie Curie decided to pursue a doctorate in physics in her groundbreaking way in 1897. Henry Bekkerel is studying X-rays. He recently observed that uranium salt left a mark on the photographic film, although it had a protective cover. What better topic for Mary than trying to understand the energy and effect of these uranium rays? Pierre agreed. So his weak wife started her work, dealing with tons of ore; She pointed out that thorium, another substance, is "radioactive", a term she coined. Together, they proved in an important discovery that radioactivity is not the result of chemical reaction, but the nature of elements, or more specifically, the nature of atoms. Mary went on to study pitchblende, a uranium ore, in which she measured that the activity was much stronger than that of uranium alone. She concluded that there are other highly radioactive substances besides uranium, such as polonium and radium, which she discovered in 1898.
In their experiment, Pierre observed the characteristics of radiation, while Mary purified radioactive elements. Both of them have the same incredible tenacity, which is even more admirable considering their miserable living conditions. Their laboratory is just a poor hangar, and the temperature will drop to about 6 degrees in winter. A chemist commented, "It looks more like a stable or potato cellar". However, Mary admits that "one of our pleasures is to enter our studio at night;" Then, around us, we will see the luminous outlines of beakers and capsules containing our products. " Although it is difficult for Marie Curie and pierre curie to get any advance payment or loan, they refused to apply for a patent to obtain financial security; In their view, it is imperative for any scientist, whether French or foreigners, to find radioactive applications.
Pierre tested radium on his skin. It caused burns and then wounds: its influence on people was thus proved. Soon, radium was used to treat malignant tumors: Curie therapy was born. 1903, Mary's thesis defense. Together with Bekkerel, the Curies were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering natural radioactivity. Their happiness is short-lived. 1906, Pierre, weakened by radiation and overwork, was run over by a car. Mary was forced to continue alone. She is responsible for educating her two children; She accepted the position that her husband finally got at the University of Paris, thus becoming the first woman appointed as a professor there.
She must also fight against the prejudice of her time: hatred and gender discrimination against foreigners, which prevented her from entering the Academy of Sciences at 19 1 1. However, not long after, she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for determining the atomic weight of radium. But her real happiness is "alleviating human suffering". The establishment of Radium Institute by Paris University and Pasteur Institute will enable her to realize her humanitarian wish.
But then the war broke out. "We must act, act," she would say and encourage her daughter Irene to do the same. She thinks that X-ray helps to locate shrapnel and bullets, which is beneficial to surgery. In addition, it is important not to move the wounded as much as possible. So she created the X-ray car. But she didn't stop there. She continued to provide equipment for the hospital. The only protection at that time was a metal screen and fabric gloves. All she needs to do is convince the silent doctor and find a well-trained manipulator. Keep your word. Mary trained 150 female manipulators.
After the war, she returned to work in her own research institute, with Irene by her side. Mary is in charge of the research laboratory, while Dr. Claudius Rigood is in charge of the applied biology laboratory. Their cooperation proved to be harmonious. They shared similar ideals and were equally uninterested in financial affairs. Doctors and chemists provide radium and physicists treat cancer patients. Mary began to collect funds and raw materials, the prices of which have soared as far away as the United States; But she found it hard to accept that dark economic interests would prevail.
Mary died of leukemia in July 1934, exhausted and almost blind. Her fingers were burned and branded by her dear radium. This 67-year-old woman, according to Dr. Claudius Rigood, "with a cold appearance and the greatest reserve (...) the rich, delicate and generous feelings hidden in reality", received incredible radiation levels. Other researchers after her, especially her daughter, will also pay for it. This year 1 month, Irène, who works in the same laboratory with her husband Fré dé ric Iorio, discovered artificial radioactivity with the same determination as her mother, and she won the Nobel Prize for it. Radioactivity is the starting point of cancer treatment, dating technology for ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and molecular biology and modern genetics. It is also the source of nuclear energy and atomic bombs. The other side of the story. ...