First of all, the seaplane landing pioneer
Seaplane is a kind of aircraft that can take off and land on the water at will and has a large carrying capacity. Seaplanes can not only detect, search and attack underwater submarines, but also quickly assault and bomb surface ships; It can not only patrol the alert, but also cover the safety of important targets at sea and rescue and salvage drowning people at sea; It can not only transport personnel and equipment on water, but also drop and land vertically. In a word, seaplane is a widely used combat weapon that integrates combat and support, especially its take-off and landing is not limited by oceans and lakes, and it has strong maneuverability. At present, the troops that have been equipped in the world are: water bombers, water reconnaissance planes, water anti-submarine patrol aircraft, water fighters, water transport planes, sea rescue machines, water fire extinguishers and so on. In the future, seaplanes will comprehensively use various stealth technologies to reduce the physical signal characteristics such as radar, infrared, sound, light and electromagnetism, and apply more advanced integrated electric superconducting propulsion system to eliminate noise and reduce infrared radiation, thus greatly improving the stealth ability, rapid maneuverability and penetration ability of seaplanes; Equip air, sea and ground weapons and equipment to carry out dynamic strikes; It has many functions such as docking, retrogression, vertical take-off and landing. Armed with missiles, it can carry out all-round rapid attacks.
Second, underwater aircraft-amphibious operations
An underwater plane can fly in the sky like an airplane and descend in the water like a submarine, which is a combination of the functions of an airplane and a submarine. Since World War II, some developed countries in the world have been engaged in the research and design of underwater vehicles. In the mid-1960s, the United States developed the first underwater plane, which can fly in the sky, climb in the water and dive in the water. It was called "amphibious combat aircraft" at that time. By the end of 1960s, the United States had developed a new type of underwater plane. This kind of aircraft is made of high-strength super-composite materials, powered by high-energy and high-density batteries, and can dive to the seabed 6 kilometers deep at a speed of 22 nautical miles per hour. With the development of amphibious technology, in the future, underwater aircraft will make comprehensive use of the advantages of both ships and aircraft, integrating high speed, concealment and aggression, which can not only fly over the sea at high speed, but also make effective use of radar blind spots, making it difficult for the other side to find footprints. It can not only maneuver in the water, attack from the water surface and water, but also fly close to the sea surface and carry out precise strikes. This unique advantage and powerful penetration ability are far from being compared with ordinary combat ships and aircraft. Because of its small size, flexible operation and good maneuverability, it is not easy to be discovered by the enemy. Before the landing operation, the underwater plane can use the bad weather to maneuver secretly and complete various tactical tasks.
Third, the diving plane-submarine nemesis
Submersible aircraft is a multi-purpose aircraft, which can sail underwater, take off, land and slide on the water surface, and also fly in the air. It has the characteristics of submarine, surface ship and aircraft at the same time, so these characteristics must be combined systematically and skillfully in design and manufacture. This kind of aircraft mainly uses jet engines when flying in the air, and underwater propulsion power devices when sneaking underwater. The fuselage of the submersible is made of high-strength alloy material, in order to make the submersible resistant to water pressure. So the weight of the plane will be much larger than that of the current seaplane. At present, the submersible under research and test is mainly used in anti-submarine warfare. The aircraft can dive into the water first, closely monitor the underwater activities of enemy submarines, and then accurately attack enemy submarines.
Fourth, the deep-water plane-Hailong
At present, the world's military powers are conducting in-depth research on deep-water aircraft, making breakthroughs in aircraft diving technology and actively developing deep-water aircraft. This kind of aircraft can dive and take off, and it is a new type of aircraft that integrates the functions of submarine and aircraft. The shape of deep-water aircraft is somewhat different from that of ordinary aircraft. The wings of ordinary aircraft bend downward, which can generate upward lift to support the weight of the aircraft; The wings of deep-water aircraft are bent upwards, which can generate downward force and dive quickly. In order to solve the problem of upward rise, a flap is added to the trailing edge of the wing. When the flap is opened upwards, it can generate a lifting force and make it float on the water. In terms of flight principle, deep-water aircraft are very similar to ordinary aircraft. Ordinary aircraft fly up and down in the air by the aerodynamic force generated by wings, while deep-water aircraft use the hydrodynamic force generated by the relative movement between short wings on both sides and seawater to move forward while sinking or floating. Deep-water planes have always been unmanned. As for whether it can carry people, scientists have conducted research and demonstration. Finally, they think that if a "life support system" similar to that used by astronauts or divers is added to a deep-water plane, it can completely carry people, but the corresponding cost will increase greatly.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) hovercraft-full-scale maneuver
Air cushion aircraft is an aircraft that uses the compressor on the aircraft fuselage to inject air into the airbag apron under the aircraft fuselage to form an air mass with a certain thickness and pressure with seawater, so that the aircraft can be suspended at a certain height on the water surface for takeoff, landing and taxiing. When the plane is sailing on the water, the air cushion formed by the high-pressure air sprayed from several small nozzles under the airbag can make the plane take off quickly. After the plane takes off, put away the airbag and stick it under the fuselage. Hovercraft can take off and land on the surface of rivers, lakes and seas, and can take off and land in deserts, swamps and ice and snow areas to perform urgent and dangerous tasks. When taking off, it can not only absorb the impact of some waves, enhance stability, eliminate water resistance, but also play a certain buffering role when landing. The speed of hovercraft is 10- 15 times faster than that of ordinary ships and 3-5 times faster than that of most high-speed ships. Because it is not in direct contact with the water surface during cruising flight, the resistance is greatly reduced and the maneuverability is improved during sailing. The flying height and speed can be flexibly adjusted according to the needs, and the landing craft can successfully cross the vertical obstacles specially set by the landing craft, which is not limited by sea areas, coasts and complex terrain, and better solves the problem that ordinary drainage landing craft has high requirements on landing site conditions and cannot directly transport landing soldiers to land; Solve the problem that landing soldiers need to move and disperse near the shore, wade across the beach on foot and form an attack battle formation, which is easy to cause heavy casualties. Landing soldiers, equipped with hovercraft, can rush to the enemy line at high speed at any place, time and relatively complex terrain conditions, regardless of various obstacles in water and on the ground, and directly land and attack the enemy shore from outside the opponent's firepower range and the transfer area of conventional landing operations.
Six, the surface plane-full-time attack
Surface plane is a new type of surface plane, which is developed by using the principle of water surface effect. That is, when the plane flies close to the water surface at a height less than the wingspan, the airflow between the lower wing and the water surface is blocked by the lower wing and the water surface, and the airflow speed above the wing is constant, which increases the pressure on the lower wing, thus generating lift. This kind of aircraft generally requires less sea conditions than air-cushion seaplanes. Surface aircraft can carry a large number of anti-mine systems and engineering units, which can not only clear obstacles in the water, but also cross the mine obstacle area and directly enter the water beach obstacle area to open access. When sailing on the water surface, the pressure on the water surface is small, and it will not be damaged by obstacles with less explosive force such as acoustic thunder, hydraulic thunder, magnetic thunder and anchor thunder. It has the characteristics of super draft, fast still water speed, small underwater physical field and insensitivity to underwater explosion. Even if the mine explodes, the damage degree of the surface plane will be much smaller than that of other drainage boats because of its decompression and riot prevention function, so it can enter the complex minefield to clear all kinds of obstacles in the water.
Seven, diving boat-the end of the ghost.
In order to verify the feasibility of the submarine concept, the US Navy built two model ships. The first is a 5-meter-long boat, which can only accommodate two people. It has been built and successfully tested. The second model ship with a capacity of 10 has also been built, and further tests will be conducted soon. If the test is successful, the ship will be put into mass production as a production type. The main parameters of the Type II ship are: length 10 meter, width 3 meters, depth 2 meters, displacement 6 tons, surface speed 30-35 knots, underwater speed 4-5 knots, and endurance about 500 nautical miles. The US Navy and navies of other countries are becoming more and more interested in this kind of submarine, and they have begun to develop the second generation submarine. Basically similar to the first generation, occupant 10. There are two main improvements: first, the power system will be changed to a sealed diesel engine water jet propeller system; Second, a semi-submersible navigation mode will be added, powered by a diesel engine. Semi-submersible navigation has two advantages: first, the crew's head is out of the water, reducing pressure and avoiding temperature drop; Second, relative to the state of sailing on the surface, the probability of being discovered can be reduced.
Eight, hovercraft-underwater train
In World War II, Japanese flat-bottomed landing craft, mechanized landing craft of American and British troops, amphibious crawler landing vehicle and assault landing craft became the main landing tools. However, with the progress of society and the development of technology, these landing tools gradually withdrew from the historical stage and were replaced by hovercraft. For example, the US military began to use new air-cushion landing craft, V-22 Osprey deflection wing aircraft, various helicopters, high-speed amphibious assault vehicles and other new landing tools to land. Compared with traditional landing tools, the speed of the new hovercraft can be increased by 4-5 times, reaching 50 nautical miles, and it can carry 10 marines or 4-5 tons of combat materials. These new landing tools are not only conducive to launching amphibious attacks from outside the line of sight and realizing the suddenness of landing operations, but also can reduce the exposure time of landing troops to enemy fire and greatly enhance their protection and assault capabilities.
Nine, high-speed ship-underwater rocket
The US Navy is currently investing $55 million to develop a surface unmanned ship, which will last for six years. This unmanned ship will be used to perform various tasks in various marine environments. The unmanned ship system is called "Sparta", which is a high-speed ship that can be operated remotely and automatically. The tasks that Sparta can perform include anti-submarine warfare, anti-mine warfare, torpedo defense, intelligence gathering, surveillance and reconnaissance in coastal areas. The research and development of "Sparta" has been carried out in the Naval Underwater Operations Center for three years. Sparta will use the existing high-speed ships-7 meters or 1 1 meter long hard-shell gondola, and integrate the defense system and weapon system on these ships. According to the length of the hard-shell gondola, Sparta can work in the sea area from 150 to 1000 nautical miles for 8 to 48 hours, with a minimum speed of 28 knots and a maximum speed of 50 knots. Compared with manned ships, Sparta was much faster and could move at night. This unmanned ship can carry 2600 to 5000 pounds of payload.
X. Amphibious vehicles-landing weapons
The United States is developing an advanced amphibious assault vehicle for landing operations. At present, two prototype cars have been produced. The car is 8.9 meters long, 3.6 meters wide and 3.2 meters high, with a total weight of 34 tons and three passengers. It can carry 18 fully armed marines. The body of amphibious assault vehicle adopts aluminum alloy armor structure, and ceramic armor parts can be attached. The car is lined to prevent 14.5 mm armor-piercing projectile from exploding from 300 meters away and shell fragments from exploding at 15 meters. The car surface is coated with invisible materials, which reduces the signal characteristics; The car is also equipped with automatic fire extinguishing device, environmental control device and nuclear and biochemical protection facilities; There is a manual, two electric and three hydraulic drainage pumps under the car. The power plant on the vehicle is a German 12 cylinder turbocharged diesel engine with power of 624 ~ 1984 kW, matched with electronic control, stepless steering, 6-speed hydro-mechanical gearbox and hydraulic-pneumatic suspension. When the car is running in the water, it adopts two water jet propellers at the rear, with the maximum speed of 46.6 1km/h and the maximum driving distance of 120km, and can pass through the waters with waves as high as 3m. The maximum land speed is 72.4 1km/h, and the maximum driving distance is 643km. The amphibious assault vehicle is equipped with 30mm cannon and computer fire control system with thermal imaging sight, which can fire 600 rounds of armor-piercing bullets and armor-piercing bullets, and 2,400 rounds of 7.62mm machine guns. Amphibious assault vehicles will significantly improve the landing speed of the Marine Corps. It is expected that small-scale production will begin in 2005, and the Marine Corps will be equipped one after another.
Eleven, smart boat-playing with water.
The unmanned submersible was originally a remote control type, which was mainly used to carry out salvage and detection tasks. In recent years, all military powers are competing to develop attack unmanned submersible. The new century navy unmanned submersible designed by Xikang Company of the United States is one of them. This underwater unmanned submersible named Xikang is 1 1 m long and weighs 45 tons. Its tactical weapons include its own torpedo and fixed warhead, which can explode with the remaining fuel in the body when carrying out suicide attacks. "Xikang" can be sent to the working sea area by an auxiliary ship or thrown into the sea. In addition, some people abroad even began to study how to set up an "intelligent fleet", which not only has combat and frigates, but also has a flagship for command, and can perform various maritime combat tasks carried out by the modern navy. Intelligent ship has obvious advantages: good maneuverability, flexible adjustment of speed and height according to needs, and successful crossing of vertical obstacles; Strong penetration ability, can selectively change the attack direction and target, can also be used to transport all kinds of combat materials and personnel forward, for rapid support, can also be used to detect damage, and guide the target to carry out air strikes.
12. WIG aircraft-spread your wings and fly
At present, some western military powers are actively engaged in the research of making ground effect aircraft by using surface effect, and some prototypes have gone out of the laboratory. It is reported that China has recently successfully developed an internationally advanced ground effect vehicle, also known as an air cushion vehicle. It is a mixture of an airplane and a warship. It looks like an airplane with a shell. It can fly at high speed near the sea surface or the ground. As early as 1932, the Finnish inventor Cario took the lead in manufacturing the world's first practical WIG aircraft. The plane is 2.6 meters long, 1.93 meters wide and has a payload of 80 kilograms. After the late 1950s, the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, Japan and other countries successively developed a variety of experimental ground-effect aircraft, especially the Soviet Union, which invested heavily and achieved remarkable results. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union developed a ground-effect aircraft named "Ekolano". Subsequently, Russia developed a ground effect aircraft with better performance. According to the prediction of military experts, with the successful development and battlefield application of this aircraft, it will bring a brand-new change to modern landing operations. The speed of ordinary ships is generally about 30 knots, hovercraft is 40- 140 knots, and WIG aircraft is as high as 100-320 knots. When flying completely out of the water, the speed can be comparable to that of a helicopter. For example, the Ekranoplan WIG aircraft currently equipped by the Russian army is equipped with 10 engine, cruising altitude 10 meters and speed of 400 kilometers per hour. It can fly with 500 soldiers at low altitude, glide on water, cross sand dunes, swamps and other tasks to search for submarines and transport equipment, and can attack several Qian Qian meters. Its characteristics: good maneuverability, direct assault landing; Good concealment performance and strong penetration ability; Large load capacity and high guarantee efficiency; Engineers in the water, remove obstacles; High cruising speed and fast attack.