Lead-acid battery is a widely used automobile battery. Its main advantages are stable voltage and low price. The disadvantage is that the specific energy is not high. Specific energy refers to the electric energy stored per kilogram of battery, which has a short service life and more daily maintenance. The life of old lead-acid batteries is usually about two years, so it is necessary to check the height of battery electrolyte regularly and add distilled water in time.
Lead-acid batteries are the same, because the energy density is not high and the volume is huge. Because the composition is sulfuric acid electrolyte, it will pollute the environment after being abandoned. The biggest disadvantage is that the endurance is not high. Lead-acid batteries are mainly used for low-speed electric vehicles, such as old scooters or electric bicycles.
Lithium iron phosphate battery is a kind of lithium ion battery, which is characterized by not containing precious metal elements such as cobalt, and the raw materials used are iron and phosphorus, which are rich in resources and relatively cheap. Lithium iron phosphate battery has high safety, it will decompose at 700 to 800 degrees and will not release oxygen molecules. At present, lithium iron phosphate battery is the main type of electric vehicle battery. Its advantages are high charging and discharging efficiency and no pollution to the environment.
However, due to the low energy density and large volume of the battery. The battery capacity is not large and the battery life is poor. Recyclable value after scrapping is not high.
Because its low temperature performance is not high, the battery with a capacity of 3500mAh will work in the environment of MINUS 10 degrees. When the charge-discharge cycle is less than 100 times, the power will soon decay to 500mAh, and it will basically be unusable.
Ternary lithium batteries used in Tesla Model S models have higher energy density and longer cruising range than lithium iron phosphate batteries. But ternary lithium batteries are easier to catch fire than lithium iron phosphate batteries.
Japanese car companies generally choose lithium manganate batteries, because lithium manganate batteries have balanced comprehensive performance, no need for precious metal cobalt, low cost and no patent restrictions.
Lithium manganate is a cathode material with low cost, strong safety and good low temperature performance, but it is easy to decompose to produce gas, which can be mixed with other materials to reduce the battery manufacturing cost.
However, its cycle life decays quickly, it is easy to expand, its high temperature performance is not good, and its life is not long. Mainly used for public batteries and power batteries, with a nominal voltage of 3.7 volts.
Lithium batteries have high cost and high safety, so Toyota cars mainly use nickel-hydrogen batteries.
The main advantage of Ni-MH battery is that it can adapt to high current discharge and is more suitable for occasions that need high power output. It has high energy density and strong endurance. The discharge of Ni-MH battery is relatively stable and the calorific value is not large.
The main disadvantage is that the capacity of the battery will be attenuated during cyclic charging and discharging, and overcharge or overdischarge will aggravate the capacity loss of the battery.