1. obviously weakens the independent innovation ability of domestic enterprises in China.
Since the reform and opening up, China has absorbed and utilized foreign direct investment, which has played a positive role in improving the independent innovation ability of some domestic-funded enterprises. Its main performance is that under the situation that foreign capital enters, foreign companies abound, and international competition and domestic competition are merged and significantly strengthened, a number of domestic enterprises such as Haier, Huawei and Chery "rise", innovate independently, create a number of brand-name products with independent intellectual property rights, and occupy a certain share in domestic and foreign markets. In other words, the positive effect of foreign direct investment on the independent innovation ability of some domestic-funded enterprises in China is indirectly realized by intensifying competition and the correct and effective response of these domestic-funded enterprises. On the other hand, while absorbing and utilizing foreign direct investment on a large scale, the independent innovation ability of many domestic-funded enterprises in China has obviously weakened.
There is a conflict of interest between foreign direct investment and the promotion of independent innovation ability of domestic-funded enterprises in China. The fundamental purpose of foreign direct investment is to obtain long-term and stable high profits. To this end, foreign businessmen should monopolize technology and market to the maximum extent and defeat competitors; It is by no means to cultivate competitors, improve the independent innovation ability of domestic-funded enterprises in China, and fall into an unfavorable or defeated situation. Foreign direct investment mainly weakens the independent innovation ability of domestic-funded enterprises in China through three ways. First, in the case of disparity in technology, quality and scale, we bypassed tariff barriers, produced locally in China, and competed at low prices, defeating domestic enterprises. Kodak Company occupied most of the color film market in China in a relatively short period of time, which is a proof. Second, prevent joint ventures from developing new products or technologies. In Sino-foreign joint ventures, due to the introduction and adoption of foreign product technology, there is only the right of production license without the right of product design confirmation, and there is no need or way to modify and innovate foreign product technology. In the process of joint venture with foreign investors, many state-owned enterprises in China lost a lot of technical strength due to the split of their original R&D institutions. According to the survey of 120 Sino-foreign joint ventures, only 5 1% of the enterprises have established R&D institutions. (1) Third, foreign direct investment enterprises, especially wholly foreign-owned or foreign-controlled enterprises, have "poached" many outstanding talents in China with relatively generous salary and treatment, and directly served foreign direct investment enterprises, especially large multinational companies. Relevant statistics show that 40% of China's outstanding talents and 45.7% of outstanding talents flow to the R&D institutions set up by foreign direct investment enterprises or large multinational companies in China, resulting in a huge loss of independent R&D strength of domestic enterprises and relevant domestic units. ②
Some important economic data provided by the Chinese government and relevant research institutions also show that the independent innovation ability of Chinese enterprises, especially domestic-funded enterprises, has obviously weakened in recent years: (1) The relative proportion of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises and R&D institutions in China has gradually declined. This proportion was 28.5% in 2000, 25.3% in 2002 and 23.4% in 2004. ③ (2) The R&D expenditure of large and medium-sized enterprises in China only accounts for 0.39% of sales revenue, and even the R&D expenditure of high-tech enterprises only accounts for 0.6% of sales revenue, which is still lower than that of developed countries 1/65438. However, R&D funds should account for more than 10% of the sales revenue of high-tech enterprises. ⑤(3) The ratio of technology introduction expenditure to digestion and absorption expenditure of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China is seriously "upside down". China's ratio was 1:0.074 in 2000, 1:0.069 in 2002 and 1:0.067. 6 in 2003, while Japan and South Korea's ratio was1:5 ~/kloc-during the industrial growth period. Many enterprises in Japan and South Korea are taking the road of introducing innovation, while many enterprises in China are caught in the strange circle of introducing, lagging behind, reintroducing and lagging behind. (4) In the patent application of high-tech industries, the proportion of foreign direct investment enterprises has exceeded that of state-owned enterprises. 1995, there are 475 patent applications for high-tech industries by state-owned enterprises and 50 by foreign direct investment enterprises, accounting for 77.6% and 8.29% of the total patent applications for high-tech industries in China respectively. By 200 1, there were 575 patent applications for high-tech industries by state-owned enterprises and 795 by foreign direct investment enterprises, accounting for 17% and 23.5% of the total patent applications for high-tech industries in China respectively. (5) China's technology dependence on foreign countries is as high as 50%, and the leading technology of industrial development basically depends on foreign countries. According to statistics, the ratio of technology import expenditure of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China to domestic technology purchase expenditure was 1: 0. 108 in 2000,1:0.15 in 2002 and1in 2003. In 2004 it was 1: 0. 190. Today, China's equipment for manufacturing optical fibers, integrated circuits, petrochemicals, automobiles and CNC machine tools depends on imports, with the proportions reaching 100%, 85%, 80%, 70% and 70% respectively. Of course, it is the independent innovation ability of domestic enterprises. In addition to the negative impact of foreign direct investment, there are many problems and defects in the development strategy of science and technology and enterprises, investment in science and technology and related institutional mechanisms in China for a long time, which is also an important reason for this situation.
2. It has a great influence on China's national economy.
The long-term large-scale entry of foreign direct investment into China will inevitably intensify the fierce competition and repeated contests between the foreign-funded economy and China's national economy. By virtue of its monopoly advantages in capital, technology, management, brand and scale, foreign direct investment has controlled some industries and markets in China, wiped out a large number of national brand products, swallowed up domestic enterprises, especially state-owned assets, through "green land investment" and mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises, which has had a significant negative impact on China's national economic development.
(1) Control some domestic industries and markets. After more than 20 years of rapid expansion, foreign direct investment enterprises have occupied an absolute advantage in some industries and markets in China. Among them, there are two characteristics that deserve high attention. First of all, foreign investors first set up large enterprises in China's infant industries. For example, in the electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry, foreign direct investment enterprises have accounted for more than 90% of the production and sales of products such as mobile communication, optical communication and satellite communication. Second, foreign businessmen monopolize some pillar industries and strategic industries with high profitability and broad market prospects in China. Taking the automobile industry as an example, world-famous multinational companies have rushed to China, and basically controlled the automobile market in China through joint ventures or mergers and acquisitions with the "leaders" of China's automobile industry. At present, the share of nine foreign direct investment automobile enterprises in China automobile market has reached 95%, such as high-tech industries. At present, the export of high-tech products by foreign-invested enterprises accounts for nearly 90% of the total export of high-tech products in China. It can be seen that the high-tech industry in China has been basically controlled by foreign direct investment enterprises.
(2) A large number of national brand products have been squeezed out of the market. By taking advantage of its monopoly advantage and the low-cost advantage of local production in China, foreign businessmen launched fierce competition with domestic enterprises in China, forcing a large number of national brands in China to gradually withdraw from the market. Foreign businessmen mainly adopt three ways in this regard: first, competitive elimination. By virtue of the quality and service advantages of their brand products, foreign businessmen have eliminated some national brand products in China. The second is the "frozen" elimination. Foreign businessmen bought China's original brand-name trademarks in joint ventures with China enterprises, but they didn't use them and deliberately "frozen them". The products of the joint venture only use foreign trademark. Finally, the original China famous brand products disappeared from the market. The third is "sliding" elimination. When a foreign investor establishes a joint venture with a China enterprise, the Chinese side is required to transfer the famous brand trademark to the joint venture. Then, using the original sales channels in China, we mainly sell products with foreign trademark and a few products with Chinese trademarks. Once the products with foreign trademark are firmly established in the market, they will immediately stop producing and selling products with Chinese trademarks.
(3) lead to a large loss of state-owned assets. In the process of foreign direct investment, through various legal or illegal, direct or indirect ways, a large number of state-owned assets in China are lost: First, the value is overvalued. In the process of joint venture or merger with state-owned enterprises, foreign investors often underestimate state-owned assets, especially intangible assets such as the original brand and business reputation of state-owned enterprises, which makes state-owned assets suffer huge losses. The second is tax evasion, tax evasion and tax fraud. Many foreign direct investment enterprises have problems of tax evasion, tax evasion and tax fraud to varying degrees. In particular, many foreign direct investment enterprises "fake losses and avoid taxes" by transferring prices such as high-priced imports and low-priced exports within multinational companies. According to the estimation of relevant persons in State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China, China, in recent years, foreign direct investment enterprises have caused more than 30 billion yuan in tax losses to China every year through price transfer. Pet-name ruby 3 is an irrational gift from some local governments. In addition to the preferential tax policies uniformly stipulated by the central government for foreign direct investment enterprises, many local governments in provinces and cities have arbitrarily stipulated some "local policies" in terms of free land use and tax reduction and exemption in order to pursue "political achievements" in attracting investment, which has caused serious losses to national interests. In addition, in the process of joint venture between foreign investors and domestic enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises, it is often the essence of joint venture, and all inferior assets, heavy debts, loss-making businesses, the elderly, the sick and the disabled are pushed to the old enterprises. This not only strengthens the competitiveness of foreign direct investment enterprises, but also weakens the competitiveness of domestic enterprises, and also increases the pressure on local governments in financial expenditure and employment arrangements.
(4) aggravate the shortage of resources and worsen the ecological environment. Some of the foreign direct investment enterprises in China are enterprises with high material consumption, high energy consumption and high pollution. Although these enterprises have certain positive effects on China's economic development, their negative effects on China's resource consumption and environmental damage should not be underestimated. As far as highly polluting enterprises are concerned, according to the relevant data provided by the third national industrial census of 1995, there are foreign-invested enterprises in PIIS 16998 (industries that will directly or indirectly produce a large number of pollutants if they are not treated in the production process), and 7487 enterprises have invested in MPIIS (industries with serious pollution-intensive), with industrial output values of 465438+ respectively. The establishment of these high-materials, high-energy consumption and high-pollution enterprises by foreign businessmen in China actually transfers the high-materials, high-energy consumption and high-pollution industries of some developed countries and newly industrialized countries and regions to China, which not only aggravates the shortage of resources in China, worsens the ecological and social environment in China, but also seriously harms the health of employees and nearby residents, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of China's economy.
(5) It has aggravated the imbalance of regional economic development in China. The regional distribution of foreign direct investment in China is obviously unbalanced. It can be seen from Table 4 that by the end of 2004, the total amount of approved foreign direct investment projects, contracted foreign direct investment and actually used foreign direct investment in East China accounted for 82.43%, 86.78% and 86.25% of the whole country respectively. The central regions are 1 1.04%, 7.69% and 9.16% respectively; The western regions are 6.53%, 5.53% and 4.59% respectively. The emergence of this unbalanced pattern is not only related to China's long-term gradient opening strategy from east to west and from coastal to inland, but also related to the advantages of talents, technology, infrastructure, industrial agglomeration and location in the eastern region. Although the Chinese government has vigorously implemented the strategy of developing the western region in recent years and encouraged foreign businessmen to invest more in the central and western regions, especially in the western region, the results are not obvious. There is obvious contradiction between the location choice of foreign direct investment and the policy orientation of our government, which not only aggravates the imbalance of regional economic development and the widening income gap of residents, but also further urges some talents and funds from the central and western regions to "return" to the eastern region.
3. It poses a great threat to China's economic security and basic economic system.
In recent years, how to maintain national economic security in the process of opening wider to the outside world has been paid more and more attention by the party and the government. However, the theoretical and practical departments in China have different understandings of the connotation of national economic security. Among them, there are two formulations worthy of attention. One formulation holds that national economic security refers to a country's economic competitiveness, its ability to resist all kinds of interference, threats and invasions at home and abroad, and the domestic and international environment in which the national economy can continue to exist and develop. Attending another view is that national economic security refers to an economic state in which a country can effectively eliminate and dissolve potential risks and resist external shocks in the process of economic development, thus ensuring the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy and the inseparable economic sovereignty of the country. (1 1) Absorbing the advantages of the above two formulations, the author believes that national economic security is the economic foundation of national security, which is reflected in a country's strong economic competitiveness and the ability to eliminate and resolve potential or realistic internal and external economic risks in time, and the national economy has maintained a rapid and healthy development trend for a long time. The core content of national economic security is the indivisibility of national economic sovereignty, the realization of economic autonomy and the protection of basic economic interests.
Source: People's Republic of China (PRC) and Ministry of Commerce: Report on Foreign Investment in China in 2005, p.211.
According to the above understanding of the concept of national economic security, the negative effects caused by foreign direct investment, such as the overall weakening of the independent innovation ability of domestic-funded enterprises in China, the control of many key technologies and some important industries by foreign multinational companies, the massive disappearance of national brands and the massive loss of state-owned assets, have seriously affected China's economic security. Not only that. With the full opening of China's financial market, the large-scale entry of foreign-funded financial institutions with abundant funds, advanced management, excellent equipment and strong competitiveness will pose a serious threat to China's financial security. This will not only increase the difficulty of financial supervision in China, but also make many state-owned and non-state-owned banks in China face a huge crisis of survival and development. Before China's full accession to the WTO (that is, before the end of the transition period after accession to the WTO), foreign direct investment has seriously affected China's economic security; After China's entry into WTO, foreign direct investment has been increasing, which undoubtedly makes China's economic security face more severe challenges.
At the same time, foreign direct investment continues to increase on a large scale, which also poses a sharp challenge to China's basic economic system at this stage under the background of economic globalization and international investment liberalization. According to China's current constitution, the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in China is that public ownership is the main body and multiple ownership economies develop together. Socialist public ownership as the main body and state-owned economy as the leading factor has always been a basic principle of China's economic system reform. However, in recent years, the dominant position of China's public ownership and state-owned economy is in danger of being weakened and shaken to some extent.
First of all, from the dominant position of public ownership. If the resource assets owned by state-owned economy and collective economy are excluded, the net assets of state-owned economy and collective economy in China account for about 2/3 of the total social assets (including operating assets and administrative assets), while the net assets of non-public economy, namely foreign-funded economy, private economy and individual economy account for about 1/3. (65,438+02) From the perspective of operating net assets, the gap between the two will be significantly narrowed. However, it must be noted that although the absolute amount of public assets and the added value of public ownership economy in China have increased substantially since the reform and opening up, their relative proportion in the total social assets and added value has dropped significantly. This situation will be clearer by comparing and analyzing the relevant figures of China's industrial sector (see Table 5 and Table 6).
Source: Based on the statistical yearbook of China (2005) compiled by People's Republic of China (PRC) and the National Bureau of Statistics and the statistical bulletin of national economic and social development in 2005.
As can be seen from Table 5, from 1998 to 2004, the total assets of state-owned and state-controlled industrial enterprises increased by 35.6 1%, while the total assets of industrial enterprises with foreign direct investment increased by 125%, so the relative ratio of the total assets of the two enterprises was from 65438+3.51:. The debt ratio of state-owned and state-controlled industrial enterprises tends to decline, but it is still higher than that of foreign direct investment industrial enterprises. It can be seen from Table 6: (1) Although the added value of state-owned and state-controlled industries increased greatly from 2000 to 2005, its relative proportion in the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size decreased from 54.25% in 2000 to 39.24% in 2005; (2) The added value of state-owned and state-holding industrial enterprises and collective industrial enterprises accounted for 43.12% of the national industrial added value from 66.35% in 2000; (3) The proportion of foreign direct investment in industrial enterprises and private industrial enterprises in the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased from 29.2% in 2000 to 46.34% in 2005, exceeding the proportion of state-owned and state-controlled industrial enterprises and collective industrial enterprises in 2005 (43.12%); (4) From 2000 to 2005, the added value of foreign direct investment industrial enterprises obviously exceeded that of private industrial enterprises. Although foreign direct investment industrial enterprises are not entirely foreign-funded economy, and state-controlled industrial enterprises are not entirely state-owned economy, the influence of the present situation and trends reflected in tables 5 and 6 on the dominant position of public ownership in China is obvious.
Secondly, from the leading role of the state-owned economy. The leading role of the state-owned economy, that is, the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. According to the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in its control. It is generally believed that the leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in four aspects: (1) The state-owned economy plays a leading role in important industries and key areas related to the lifeline of the national economy, supporting, guiding and driving the development of the whole social economy and playing a key role in realizing the national macro-control objectives; (2) The state-owned economy should maintain the necessary quantity, but more attention should be paid to the optimization of the overall layout, the qualitative improvement of economy, technology and management quality and the expansion of influence; (3) The state-owned economy should not only play a controlling role in the national economy through the role of wholly state-owned enterprises, but also vigorously develop state-controlled or shareholding enterprises with mixed ownership; (4) The leading role of the state-owned economy in the national economy can be different in different industries and regions at different stages of national economic development. The Decision on Several Major Issues concerning the Reform and Development of State-owned Enterprises adopted by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee further points out that the industries and fields that need to be controlled by the state-owned economy mainly include: (1) industries involving national security; (2) Natural monopoly industries; (3) Industries that provide important public goods and services; (4) Important backbone enterprises in pillar industries and high-tech industries. Judging from the actual situation in China in recent years, the state-owned economy can basically play a leading role in the national economy. However, with the further development of foreign direct investment in China, the trend of "sole proprietorship" and "holding" of foreign capital highlighted in recent years may be further strengthened, and the scale of its merger and acquisition of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in important industries in China may also continue to expand. Therefore, China's state-owned economy will face fierce competition and severe challenges in quantity, quality, distribution and control.