Antimony is a poor conductor of electricity and heat, which is not easy to oxidize under normal circumstances and has corrosion resistance. Therefore, the main function of antimony in alloy is to increase hardness, and it is often called the hardener of metal or alloy. After adding different proportions of antimony to metals, the hardness of gold antimony ore will increase and it can be used to make ammunition. Antimony and antimony compounds are first used in wear-resistant alloys, printing alloys and arms industry, and are important strategic materials. Antimony can be used as polycondensation catalyst in polyester production. Alloys and compounds containing antimony are widely used, and antimonides can be flame retardant, so they are often used in various plastics and fireproof materials. Alloys containing antimony and lead are corrosion-resistant, and are the first choice for producing battery plates, chemical pipelines and cable sheaths. The alloy of antimony with tin, lead and copper has high strength and wear resistance, and is a good material for manufacturing bearings and gears. High-purity antimony and other metal complexes (such as silver antimony and gallium antimony) are ideal materials for producing semiconductors and electrothermal devices. With the development of science and technology, antimony is widely used to produce various flame retardants, ceramics, glass, rubber, coatings, pigments, plastics, semiconductor components, fireworks, medicines and chemical products. Antimony white is a compound of antimony and an excellent white pigment, which is often used in ceramics, rubber, paint, glass, textile, chemical industry and other industries. Antimony-resource distribution At present, the world's proven reserves of antimony ore are more than 4 million tons, of which China accounts for more than half. The reserve, output and export of antimony in China occupy an important position in the world. At present, there are11antimony producing areas in China. It mainly includes Wanshan, Wuchuan, Danzhai, Tongren and Banpo in Guizhou. Xinhuang, tin mine in southern province, Banxi mercury mine in Lengshuijiang city, southern province; Nandan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Yawan Antimony Mine in Gansu and Xunyang Mercury Antimony Mine in Shaanxi. Antimony-toxic antimony can irritate people's eyes, nose, throat and skin. Continuous exposure will damage the function of antimony acetate in heart and liver. Inhalation of high concentration of antimony can lead to antimony poisoning, with symptoms including vomiting, headache, dyspnea and even death in severe cases. The cause of death of Mozart, a German music prodigy, is unknown. Some people think that he died of antimony poisoning. Experiments conducted by the International Antimony Oxide Industry Association in the early years showed that if rats were exposed to high concentrations of antimony for a long time, their lungs would become inflamed and eventually they would get lung cancer. Although there have been no cases of lung cancer caused by inhalation of excessive antimony so far, the potential danger to human body cannot be ruled out. In September 2002, the World Health Organization stipulated that the antimony content and daily intake in water should be less than 0.86 μ g/kg per day. Japan stipulates that the antimony content in Bote bottles should be less than 200ppm, and Bote bottles containing antimony are prohibited from being used for hot filling beverages. The European Union stipulates that the antimony content in food should be less than 20ppb, and the antimony content in environmentally friendly PET fiber should not exceed 260ppm. Antimony-preparation method The content of antimony in the earth's crust is relatively small, but it exists in the form of simple substance in nature. 1777, German miner Baun discovered natural antimony in siebenbürgen. This stibnite becomes oxide after roasting, and then it is reduced by carbon to obtain metallic antimony: 2SB2S3+9O2 → 2SB2O3+6SO2 ↑ Sb2O3+3C → 2SB+3Co ↑.
The Latin name of antimony and the element symbol Sb both come from the English name stinite of antimony. The original meaning of this word is "anti-monk". It is said that in ancient western countries, many monks suffered from leprosy. They tried to treat it with stibnite containing antimony. However, many monks who took stibnite did not recover, but their condition deteriorated and they died one by one.
Element description
The content of antimony in the crust is 0.000 1%. It mainly exists in the form of simple substance or stibnite, Shi Ying, stibnite and antimony ochre. At present, there are as many as 120 kinds of antimony-bearing minerals. Antimony is hard and brittle, easy to crush, shiny, malleable and malleable. There are three isomorphism of antimony: yellow antimony, gray antimony and black antimony.
There are two allotropes of antimony: the yellow variant is only stable below -90℃, and the metal variant is the stable form of antimony. At 2070℃, antimony vapor is a monoatomic molecule.
Antimony is not a very active element. It only reacts with water at high temperature to release hydrogen. Will not be oxidized by air at room temperature. But it can be combined with fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and can only be combined with hundreds of metals such as iodine when heated. Antimony is easily soluble in hot nitric acid to form hydrated antimony oxide. It can react with hot sulfur to produce antimony sulfate. Antimony can react with oxygen at high temperature to produce antimony trioxide. It is an amphoteric oxide and insoluble in water.
nature
Atomic weight of the element: 12 1.8.
Atomic number: 5 1
Element type: metal
The density is 6.684 g/cm3.
The melting point is 630.74℃.
The boiling point is 1750℃.
Mohs hardness: 3
Specific gravity 4.6
Valence +3 and +5.
The ionization energy is 8.64 1 eV.
Crystal structure:
The unit cell is a triclinic unit cell.
Discover and use processes
The discovery of antimony. A small piece of antimony was discovered in Hungary around18th century BC. But for a long time, people didn't really understand this metal. 1556 german metallurgist G.Agricola described the method of producing antimony sulfide by ore precipitation in his works, but mistook antimony sulfide for antimony. German B.Valentine described the extraction methods of antimony and antimony sulfide in 1604. /kloc-antimony was smelted by roasting reduction in the 0/8th century, and electrolytic antimony was produced in 1896. After 1930.
China is one of the countries that discovered and utilized antimony earlier in the world. "Hanshu Shihuozhi" records: Wang She. Change to Chinese system. All coins are made of copper. Doping tin. "Record: [Lianxi was unearthed in Changsha]. The Qin arrow unearthed from the Qin tomb contains antimony by spectral analysis. It can be seen that China has used antimony for a long time. At that time, it was not called antimony, but called Lianxi. At the end of Ming dynasty (154 1), the largest antimony mine in the world-Hunan tin mine was discovered in China. But antimony was mistaken for tin at that time. It was identified as antimony only after laboratory testing. Guangxu 23rd year (1897). As the earliest antimony smelting plant in tin mines, Jishan Plant was established, which made Lianxi in China enter the era of antimony production. 1908, Hunan Huachang Company introduced the volatile roasting method from France and began to smelt antimony by this method. With the rise of machinery manufacturing, the use and demand of antimony have expanded. After the development of tin mines, antimony mines such as Banxi, Taojiang, Xinshao Longshan and Taoyuan Woxi in Hunan have been developed one after another. Some antimony mines have been mined one after another. In the decades after 1908, China's antimony production often accounted for more than 50% of the world's total output. Only 19 12- 1935 tin ore accounts for 36.6% of the world output and 60.9% of the national output. 56666.6866866666 1
After the founding of New China, large-scale geological exploration and development of antimony ore were carried out, and blast furnace volatilization smelting of antimony sulfide concentrate was developed. The reserves and output of antimony ore in China rank first in the world, and it is exported in large quantities. The production of high-purity metallic antimony (containing 99.999% antimony) and high-quality super-grade antimony white represents the advanced production level of antimony industry in the world.
Element usage
Antimony is a poor conductor of electricity and heat. It is not easy to oxidize at room temperature and has corrosion resistance. Therefore, the main function of antimony in the alloy is to increase hardness. It is usually called the hardener of metal or alloy. After adding different proportions of antimony to the metal, the hardness of the metal will increase and it can be used to make munitions. Antimony and antimony compounds were first used in wear-resistant alloys, printed alloys and the arms industry. They are important strategic materials.
Antimony can be used as polycondensation catalyst in polyester production. Alloys and compounds containing antimony are widely used. Antimony compounds are flame retardant, so they are often used in various plastics and fireproof materials. Antimony-containing alloy is the first choice for producing battery plates, chemical pipelines and cable sheaths because of its corrosion resistance. The alloys of antimony with tin, lead and copper have high strength and are extremely wear-resistant. It is a good material for manufacturing bearings and gears. The complex of high-purity antimony with other metals (such as silver antimony and gallium antimony) is an ideal material for producing semiconductors and electrothermal devices. Antimony white is an antimony compound and an excellent white pigment, which is often used in ceramics, rubber, paint, glass, textile and chemical industries.
With the development of science and technology, antimony is widely used to produce various flame retardants, enamels, glass, rubber, coatings, pigments, ceramics, plastics, semiconductor components, fireworks, medicines and chemical products.
Antimony resource distribution
At present, the proven reserves of antimony ore in the world are more than 4 million tons. China accounts for more than half. The reserve, output and export of antimony in China occupy an important position in the world. At present, there are11antimony producing areas in China, mainly including Wanshan, Wuchuan, Danzhai, Tongren, Banpo, Xinhuang and Lengshui in Hunan.
Toxicity of antimony
Antimony can irritate eyes, nose, throat and skin. Continuous exposure can damage the function of the heart and liver. Inhalation of high concentration of antimony can lead to antimony poisoning. Symptoms include vomiting, headache and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, they may die. The cause of death of Mozart, a German music prodigy, is unknown. One view is that he died of antimony poisoning.
Experiments conducted by the International Antimony Oxide Industry Association in the early years showed that if rats were exposed to high concentration of antimony for a long time, their lungs would become inflamed. Recently, they will get lung cancer. Although there have been no cases of lung cancer caused by excessive inhalation of antimony, the potential danger to human body cannot be ruled out. In September 2002, the World Health Organization stipulated that the antimony content and daily intake in water should be less than 0.86 μ g/kg per day. Japan limits the antimony content in Potter bottles to less than 200ppm. For hot-filled beverages, Bote bottles containing antimony are prohibited. The European Union stipulates that the antimony content in food should be less than 20ppb. The antimony content in environmentally friendly polyester fiber should not exceed 260ppm.
Element auxiliary data
The content of antimony in the earth's crust is relatively small, but it exists in the form of simple substance in nature. 1777. German mining official Baun discovered natural antimony in siebenbürgen. This stibnite becomes oxide after roasting, and then it is reduced by carbon to obtain metallic antimony.
2Sb2S3 + 9O2 → 2Sb2O3 + 6SO2↑
Sb2O3 + 3C → 2Sb + 3CO↑