Does HarmonyOS need to pay royalties to Android?

No need. HarmonyOS system and Android system are parallel and both are mobile phone operating systems. It needs to be developed based on linux platform, and Microsoft has more than 100 patents on linux. Now, Google for Android needs to pay a high patent fee every year like Microsoft, that is to say, HarmonyOS also needs to pay a high patent fee. Therefore, HarmonyOS needs to pay the patent fee to Microsoft, not to Android.