Who invented cloud computing?

in p>1983, Sun Microsystems proposed "the network is the computer", and in March 26, Amazon launched the Elastic Compute Cloud；; EC2) service. On August 9th, 26, Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, put forward the concept of "Cloud Computing" for the first time at SES San Jose 26. Google's "cloud computing" originated from the "Google 11" project by Google engineer Christopher Bisciglia. In October 27, Google and IBM began to promote cloud computing in American university campuses, including Carnegie Mellon University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley and University of Maryland. This plan hopes to reduce the cost of distributed computing technology in academic research. And provide related software and hardware equipment and technical support for these universities (including hundreds of personal computers and BladeCenter and System x servers, these computing platforms will provide 16 processors and support open source platforms including Linux, Xen and Hadoop). Students can develop various research plans based on large-scale computing through the network. On January 3th, 28, Google announced the launch of "Cloud Computing Academic Program" in Taiwan Province, and will cooperate with Taiwan Province National Taiwan University, Jiaotong University and other schools to promote this advanced large-scale and fast computing technology to the campus. On February 1st, 28, IBM(NYSE: IBM) announced that it would establish the world's first Cloud Computing Center for software companies in China in the Science and Education Industrial Park of Taihu New Town, Wuxi, China. On July 29th, 28, Yahoo, Hewlett-Packard and Intel announced a joint research plan covering the United States, Germany and Singapore, and launched a cloud computing research test bed to promote cloud computing. The plan is to create six data centers with partners as research and experimental platforms, and each data center is equipped with 1,4 to 4, processors. These partners include Singapore Information and Communication Development Authority, Steinbuch Computing Center of Karlsruhe University in Germany, University of Illinois at Champion, Intel Research Institute, HP Labs and Yahoo. On August 3, 28, the information on the website of the US Patent and Trademark Office showed that Dell was applying for the trademark of "Cloud Computing", which was aimed at strengthening the possible reshaping of technology in this future. In November 29, the first cloud computing industry association in China was established in Shenzhen, which indicated the confidence of local governments in developing the cloud computing industry. On March 5th, 21, Novell and CSA announced a vendor-neutral plan called Trusted Cloud Initiative. In July 21, NASA and supporting vendors including Rackspace, AMD, Intel and Dell announced the "OpenStack" open source plan. In October 21, Microsoft expressed its support for the integration of OpenStack and Windows Server 28 R2. Ubuntu has added OpenStack to version 11.4. In February 211, Cisco system officially joined OpenStack, focusing on developing OpenStack's network services. Nowadays, cloud computing is in its infancy, and companies of all sizes provide various cloud computing services, from software applications to network storage to email filtering. Some of these companies are infrastructure providers, while others are SAAS (Software as a Service) providers like Salesforce. Nowadays, personal services based on the Internet are mainly realized, but the aggregation and integration of cloud computing are emerging. Cloud Computing is Grid Computing, DistributedComputing, Parallel Computing, Utility Computing, Network Storage Technologies, Virtualization, Load Balance and other traditional computer and network technologies are the products of development and integration. Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing, utility computing and autonomous computing. Grid computing: a kind of distributed computing, a super virtual computer composed of a group of loosely coupled computer sets, which is often used to perform large tasks; Utility computing: A way of packaging and charging IT resources, such as charging according to calculation and storage, just like traditional public facilities such as electricity; Autonomous computing: a computer system with self-management function. In fact, many cloud computing deployments rely on computer clusters (but they are quite different from the composition, architecture, purpose and working mode of the grid), and also absorb the characteristics of autonomous computing and utility computing. By distributing computing on a large number of distributed computers instead of local computers or remote servers, the operation of enterprise data centers will be more similar to the Internet. This enables enterprises to switch resources to needed applications and access computers and storage systems as required. It is like changing from the old single generator mode to the centralized power supply mode of power plants. It means that computing power can also be circulated as a commodity, just like gas and water and electricity, with convenient access and low cost. The biggest difference is that it is transmitted through the Internet. Operating system Cloud computing operating system, also known as cloud computing center operating system and cloud OS, is the overall management and operation system of cloud computing background data center (some people think that cloud computing system includes cloud terminal operating system, such as various popular mobile phone operating systems, which is not much different from the previous stand-alone operating system, so we will not discuss it here). It refers to the massive basic hardware and software resources managed by basic hardware resources such as servers, storage and networks and stand-alone operating systems, middleware and databases. Cloud computing operating system usually includes the following modules: large-scale basic software and hardware management, virtual computing management, distributed file system, business/resource scheduling management, security management control and so on. What does cloud computing mean when the era of "cloud computing" comes? At present, PC is still the core tool in our daily work and life-we use PC to process documents, store data, and share information with others through email or USB flash drive. If the PC hard disk is broken, we will be helpless because of the loss of data. In the era of "cloud computing", "cloud" will do storage and calculation for us. A "cloud" is a cluster of computers, each of which includes hundreds of thousands or even millions of computers. The advantage of "cloud" is that the computers in it can be updated at any time to ensure that "cloud" will live forever. Google has several such "clouds", and other IT giants, such as Microsoft, Yahoo and Amazon, also have or are building such "clouds". At that time, we only need a computer with Internet access, and we don't need to care about which "cloud" the storage or calculation takes place, but once necessary, we can use any equipment, such as computers and mobile phones, to quickly calculate and find these materials at any place. We no longer have to worry about the loss of information and hope to adopt it.