I. What is a scientific invention
When the word "invention" is mentioned, some students are afraid. How difficult it is! In fact, creating inventions is not mysterious. There are many inventions of primary and middle school students that have won prizes in the country and even internationally!
Scientific inventions refer to those things or methods that teenagers find unsatisfactory and inconvenient to use in their daily study, life and work, and use the scientific knowledge they have learned to design and manufacture new articles or methods that are more satisfactory and convenient at present. Compared with "big inventions", they have narrower choices, simpler problems to solve, easier materials to find and less money to spend.
Do coolies have quality standards? Yes An excellent invention should have "three characteristics", namely novelty, creativity and practicality.
1. novelty. Novelty means that you haven't seen the same product with the same content or technology before completing this small invention. In other words, you can't buy the same product in the street shop, and you haven't seen or heard the introduction in books, magazines, radio and TV; The same invention has never been applied to the Patent Office by others and recorded in the patent application documents, nor has it been declared by others to participate in invention-creation competitions at all levels. However, it is also novel if new functions, new methods and new uses are added to other inventions, or several original items are skillfully combined into a new individual to add new functions.
Haokexie
One day, Wei Qiang and his father went to a friend's house and were stumped as soon as they entered the door: the host's house lays carpets, so it is impolite not to change shoes. Change shoes. His feet stink. After returning home, Wei Qiang thought: If there is a kind of slippers, you can wear them without taking off your shoes! Later, he was inspired by velcro on his travel shoes: he tied velcro on his slippers, put it on when he pressed it, and pulled it open when he lifted it. Can't you adjust it if you want to be fat and thin? So he found a pair of old slippers, cut off the shoe rims, sewed on nylon buckles, and made "hospitality shoes". This little invention won the third prize in the 4th National Youth Invention Competition.
In fact, Wei Qiang's little invention only transplanted other people's inventions to slippers, but gave them new functions and new uses. This little invention is very novel.
2. Creativity. Creativity means that small inventions have outstanding substantive characteristics and remarkable progress compared with the existing technology of the original similar products.
Convenient soap box
Ordinary soap is boxed with water, which will be sticky and difficult to take out, and the life of soap is very short. Ping Fan, a Tianjin student, invented the convenient soap box by using the lever principle. When the soap box is opened, the soap will stand up. Compared with similar products, the technology is more advanced, and it won the first prize of the first national youth invention and creation competition.
3. practicality. Practicality means that the invention can be manufactured or used and has positive effects. Small inventions should be made into objects, not only ideas or design drawings, but also to solve practical problems in production and life.
Insect-proof tree skirt
Linxian County, Shanxi Province is rich in jujube, but jujube witches' broom is very harmful to jujube. Ada carefully observed the growth and activity law of the fruit fly, and found that the female insect had to climb the trunk to mate with the male insect, and then destroyed the leaves and fruits. He thought of a way to put a circle of hard plastic pieces around the middle of the trunk and coat the inner layer with insecticidal ointment, so that the female insects could not get on the tree. This simple and ingenious insect-proof tree skirt is very practical and is welcomed by jujube farmers.
Of course, completing a small invention is not as simple as "frowning and thinking", it has to go through the steps of topic selection, conceptual design, production, actual test and improvement, success and so on.
To make a small invention, the first step is to determine the object of the invention and consider what problems to study. This is the topic. For teenagers, they should start from their familiar life reality and look for the theme of invention in schools, families and the surrounding life circles. For example, when you encounter some difficulties in your study and life, you will definitely say, "If only there were." This thing you want to invent can be used as the object of invention. however
After the genre is selected, the next step is conceptual design. That is, according to the basic scientific principles and experience, design the shape, structure, method and implementation plan of the topic. When conceiving, come up with several sets of design schemes as much as possible, and then choose the best structural scheme according to feasibility and practicality. The scheme should be simple, ingenious and easy to use, with the least shortcomings.
When the idea is mature, you can start making it. When making, we should make the best use of the existing conditions and make exquisite works with little or no money. Some technical problems can be found in teachers and parents, and sometimes some related manufacturers can be found to help make some parts.
After the sample of the invention is completed, it needs to be tested and improved in practice. That is to say, the work should be used for a period of time. When problems are found in use, parents, teachers and classmates should be widely consulted to see if there are any improvements or unreasonable places. Then, opinions from all sides should be integrated to improve the invention. Almost every excellent invention has been modified.
At this point, you will enjoy the joy of success. Next, you can declare to participate in youth invention and creation competitions at all levels, apply for patents or contribute to newspapers and periodicals. The application documents for the competition mainly include the declaration form, project description and certification materials provided by the organizing Committee, in which the project description includes: how the topic of the invention was discovered, how the invention scheme was designed, and how the invention works were made. How does this invention embody novelty, creativity and practicality? What is your creative contribution? Suggestions and ideas for further improving the invention. Attach appearance drawings (preferably black and white photos), structural drawings, schematic diagrams and other necessary graphic materials. All small invention projects involving medical and health care products, new varieties of animals and plants, and animals protected by the state must also provide certification materials from relevant departments.
Scientific invention is something everyone can do, and it is also an interesting practical activity. As long as everyone carefully observes the things around them, is good at finding and asking questions, boldly explores and practices, and dares to break through the shackles of rules and regulations, they will make innovations and inventions.
Reflections on the topic selection of two small inventions
1, list the shortcomings and find a topic.
To learn to make small inventions, we must first learn to choose the theme of the invention.
An important method is to start with things that are not suitable, convenient and desirable in study and life, list the shortcomings and ask "What shortcomings need to be overcome?" Then look for ways to overcome the shortcomings. This method of putting forward reform ideas according to the shortcomings of existing articles is called defect enumeration method, and it is also a simple and effective method of selecting topics for small inventions.
Four-purpose anti-electric shock socket
Almost every household has a power socket, but it is very easy to get an electric shock, which is especially dangerous for children, and it is very troublesome to plug it in. Shanghai student Xu Chen dissected several traditional power sockets and designed a "four-purpose anti-electric shock socket". This kind of socket is equipped with two insulation valves on the socket of ordinary socket. Only when the plug is inserted into two sockets at the same time can the power be connected. In this way, when the child is not paying attention, the small hand or nail is inserted into any socket.
Improvement of air pressure water bottle
Are there any shortcomings in the barometric water bottle? Yes! Because its outlet pipe is directly inserted into the bottom of the bottle, the sediment at the bottom often makes the pressed water turbid every time. In view of this shortcoming, Zhang from Beijing improved the pneumatic water bottle. He connected a rubber tube to the suction nozzle and added a plastic floating ball to the suction nozzle. Because the ball always floats on the water, the sediment at the bottom of the barometric bottle will not be sucked out of the straw. The invention won the third prize in the second national youth invention contest.
Enumerating the shortcomings of the article is actually to find problems, and invention is only to solve existing problems. So every time we find a shortcoming and ask a question, we often find a topic of invention.
So, how to learn and find the shortcomings?
First of all, we should always pay attention to the shortcomings or inconveniences of our daily use items, and be good at grasping an item and digging it carefully. Umbrella is a commonly used tool for shading from the sun and rain. It seems that there is nothing to be done, but some inventors, large and small, cling to it, and the tricks are getting new. Sun umbrellas, double umbrellas, folding umbrellas, mother-child umbrellas, quick-drying umbrellas, astronomical umbrellas ... one thing is endless. The same theme can be made into different inventions with different design schemes. Take the pen, for example, it still has many shortcomings, such as the cap is easy to fall off or lose, the nib is easy to be blocked, the round pen is easy to slide off the table and damage the nib, and it is invisible to write in the field when the power is off at night ... When you list the shortcomings of an article as much as possible, choose one or several shortcomings as the research object according to your own ability and determine the subject of the invention.
Inflatable solar cooker sun
It is very attractive to people, but the current solar cooker is expensive, complicated in technology, heavy (about 50 kg), troublesome to adjust, and inconvenient to carry when working and traveling in the field. On the basis of investigation and study, Lian Xin and other students in Shanghai made clear the main direction: simplifying the manufacturing process of solar cookers, reducing weight, reducing material consumption, reducing costs and obtaining maximum power. Inflated and expanded into paraboloid, and then vacuum aluminized polyester adhesive sheet was attached to the reflective surface. Inflate air with a pump to change the air pressure inside. With the increase of inflation, the upper transparent film bulges upward, and the reflecting surface sinks downward, which can achieve the purpose of automatically gathering reflected light. This "unfounded inflatable solar cooker" weighs only 4 kg, is easy to disassemble and carry, and won the first prize in the Third National Youth Scientific Invention and Creation Competition.
In fact, this invention is the result of various transplants: they transplanted the technology of inflatable toys, self-adhesive patches of daily commodity trademarks and parabolic structures like convex lenses to the new solar cooker, and they transplanted the knowledge of optics and fluid mechanics from textbooks to the design of the solar cooker, thus successfully completing this small invention.
candle lamp
Candle is a common lighting tool, but the candle flame is afraid of the wind, the candle body is not easy to fix, and the brightness can not be controlled. How to improve these shortcomings? Liu, a student from Jianli Middle School in Hubei Province, first considered fixing candles and preventing wind. He put the candle in an iron drum and covered it with a glass cover. He thought of the fixing method of bayonet bulb, borrowed from candle lamp and installed spring to keep candle flame in the best center of lampshade.
How to keep candles from crying? To solve this problem, it is necessary to continuously reduce the temperature at the top of the candle, so that the heat can be conducted and dissipated around. There are metal fins in front of the engine of the car. Can we also learn from candle lamps? He drilled a big hole in the metal box of moisturizing balsam, cut the cut heat sink into a fan shape, punched the same big hole in the center, and welded the cut heat sink to the box (the big holes should be aligned).
How to control the brightness of candle flame? Inspired by the gas valve of the gas stove, he used two sets of inner and outer sleeves with louvers (iron box under the radiator for the inner ring and plastic ring made separately for the outer ring) to control the gas flow by turning the valve, thus realizing the desire to adjust the flame brightness of the candle. This invention can be said to be a "two-in-one" synthesis, the lampshade comes from kerosene lamps, the fixing method comes from bayonet bulbs, and the radiator comes from cars.
It can be seen that transplantation is a meaningful invention idea, and students can make quite good inventions if they master it well.
The key to using transplantation method is to expand knowledge, understand some new technologies and often analyze the principles and functions of some objects or their structures. In this way, your brain will have more information for transplantation, which can be used when making small inventions.