Alias: benzylpenicillin; penicillin; penicillin
Ingredients: It is isolated from the culture medium of Penicillium. It is an organic acid that can combine with metal ions or organic bases to form salts. Commonly available are sodium salt, potassium salt, procaine salt and benzathine salt.
Characteristics: Sodium salt and potassium salt are white crystalline powder; odorless or slightly specific odor, hygroscopic; rapidly lose efficacy when exposed to acid, alkali or oxidant. Easily soluble in water and ethanol. Procaine penicillin is a white crystalline powder; it quickly loses its effectiveness when exposed to acid, alkali or oxidants. It is easily soluble in methanol and slightly soluble in water.
Indications Penicillin sodium and potassium are suitable for acute infections caused by sensitive bacteria, such as bacteremia, septicemia, scarlet fever, erysipelas, pneumonia, empyema, tonsillitis, otitis media, cellulitis, boils, Carbuncle, acute mastitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, meningococcal meningitis (meningococcal meningitis), leptospirosis (the early effect of this disease is better), Fensen's angina, trauma infection, relapsing fever, Gas gangrene, anthrax, gonorrhea, actinomycosis, etc. For the treatment of tetanus and diphtheria, it should be used in combination with the corresponding antitoxin.
Dosage and usage 1. Intramuscular injection: The daily dose for adults is 800,000 to 3.2 million units; the daily dose for children is 30,000 to 50,000 units per kilogram of body weight, divided into 2 to 4 doses. 2. Intravenous drip: suitable for serious illness. The daily dose for adults is 2.4 million to 20 million units, and for children, the daily dose is 200,000 to 400,000 units per kilogram of body weight, divided into 4 to 6 times, and added to a small amount of infusion for intermittent rapid infusion. The concentration of penicillin (sodium salt) for infusion is generally 10,000 to 40,000 units per milliliter. 3. Aerosol inhalation: 200,000 to 400,000 units/2 to 4 ml, twice a day. Penicillin potassium is usually injected intramuscularly. Since the injection site is relatively painful, 0.25% lidocaine injection can be used as the solvent (better than 2% benzyl alcohol injection). Potassium salts can also be infused intravenously, but attention must be paid to the patient's blood potassium concentration and the potassium content of the infusion, and the infusion speed should not be too fast. Procaine penicillin is only for intramuscular injection, with a dose of 400,000 to 800,000 units, once a day. Benzathine penicillin is only available for intramuscular injection, with a dose of 600,000 units, once every 10 to 14 days; and 1.2 million units, once every 14 to 21 days.
Notes 1. Allergic reaction: Symptoms vary in severity. The most common are urticaria, asthma, rhinitis, edema of blood vessels and larynx, fever, and severe cases can cause shock. If not handled promptly or improperly, death can result. The onset time is only a few minutes after taking the medicine in short cases, and appears within hours or days in long cases. It may occur after the first dose, or (more commonly) with the second or subsequent doses. In addition, occupational exposure, tears, breast milk, food, etc., which contain this product, may cause allergic reactions in those exposed. Therefore, use with caution in breastfeeding women. When treatment is discontinued for more than 3 days or when a different manufacturer or batch number is used, a separate skin test should be performed. Only those with negative results can be used again. 2. Procaine and penicillin may occasionally cause a specific reaction. At the time of injection or within 1 to 2 minutes after the injection, you may feel uncomfortable, fear of danger, dizziness, palpitations, auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations and other symptoms. There are generally no respiratory or circulatory disorders, and most patients may experience elevated blood pressure (which can be distinguished from anaphylactic shock). Generally, no special treatment is required, and the symptoms will return to normal on their own after 1 to 2 hours. Use sedatives (valium) or antihistamines (diphenhydramine 20 mg intramuscularly) to help recovery. 3. Low-dose penicillin does not cause toxic reactions; large-dose application may cause neurological and psychiatric symptoms, such as hyperreflexia, sensory impairment, hallucinations, convulsions, drowsiness, etc., and may also cause temporary mental disorder. Stopping the drug or reducing the dose can recover. For a small number of patients with hemagglutination defects, large doses of penicillin can disrupt the coagulation mechanism, leading to bleeding tendencies. 4. It is not suitable for intrathecal administration.
Specifications of penicillin sodium for injection: 0.24g (400,000 units), 0.48g (800,000 units) per vial (bottle)
The Nobel Prize was awarded by the Swedish scientist Nobel Prize Established by Bell. Nobel spent his whole life in the research of explosives and never married. During his lifetime, he obtained 355 patents for inventions. Nobel developed explosives for civilian use, but they were later used in wars, causing thousands of deaths. Nobel was very sad. In his later years, he decided to use most of his huge fortune to set up a fund and use the annual interest as bonuses to reward those who have made outstanding contributions to science, literature, peace and other causes.
The Nobel Fund Committee was formally established in 1901. The committee has five groups: physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature, and peace, which select people from all over the world who have made outstanding achievements in the above fields. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is responsible for evaluating the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry and the later Economics Prize; the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm is responsible for evaluating the Physiology and Medicine Prize; the Swedish Academy is responsible for evaluating the Literature Prize; and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by Sweden. Parliament decides. This is the origin of the Nobel Prize.
From the first Nobel Prize award in 1901 to 1997, 448 people have won the Nobel Prize in Science.