The French believe that the earliest airplane in the world was invented by the Frenchman Clement Ade, and it was successfully tested in France on June 9, 1990. Some people think that he invented the first airplane in history.
Americans believe that the inventors of the plane were American brothers wilbur wright and Orville Wright. They successfully tested the plane in the United States/KOOC-0/0: 35 am/KOOC-0/903/KOOC-0/2/KOOC-0/7.
Brazilians believe that Alberto Santos-dumont invented the airplane. Santos-Dumont's "14 bis" aircraft successfully flew to an altitude of 60 meters on June 1906+ 10/2, which was the first successful power flight in the world.
It is generally believed that the American Wright brothers invented the airplane, and some people think that it was invented by Clement Adel or Alberto Santos dumont. 1903 the plane designed and manufactured by Wright brothers of the United States successfully flew, which is the first time in the world to realize the dynamic maneuvering flight of an aircraft heavier than air. In the First World War, airplanes have been used in combat. At that time, the speed of the plane had reached 180 ~ 220km/h, the ceiling was 6000 ~ 7000m, the range was 400 ~ 450km, and the bomber's bomb load was 1000 ~ 2000kg. In World War II, the speed of aircraft reached 750 km/h, and the bomb load of bombers could reach about 10 tons. After the mid-1940s, the engine developed from piston to jet, and the flight performance of aircraft was significantly improved. In the 1980s, the ceiling of the aircraft has exceeded 30,000 meters, the maximum speed has exceeded 3 times the speed of sound, the range has exceeded 20,000 kilometers, and the maximum payload has exceeded100t.
Gustav Weisskopf, a pioneer in German aircraft manufacturing, successfully tested the vulture plane at 190 1, which can fly 2.5km above the ground. If the report is true, Gustav will develop the plane two years earlier than the Wright brothers.
1903, the Wright brothers developed the world's first plane, which was famous for its successful test flight. However, the latest research shows that the Wright brothers were not the first people to invent airplanes. Two years before the Wright brothers announced their invention, a German inventor developed a plane and flew 2.5 kilometers from the ground at 15 meters.
Jane's World Aircraft reported that Gustav Vaiskopf, a pioneer in German aircraft manufacturing, successfully built and tested the vulture aircraft in 190 1. It is said that Gustav moved to the United States and changed his name to Lighthead. He may be the first inventor in the world who successfully made an airplane.
With the help of aviation expert john brown, a plane named "Vulture" was successfully developed. He moved from Bavaria to the United States in the 1990s in 19. He designed a "road vehicle", which is very small and can be parked in the garage. Gustav imagined that the plane could drive a car on the Yuan Ye, or fold its wings and turn it into an airplane.
Later, he built the "vulture plane" (also known as "2 1"), and its design was based on the previous flying car model. This kind of aircraft can be equipped with two engines, one with 20 horsepower can be used for flying cars, and the other with 10 horsepower can be used to drive cars on the road.
After that, the pilot can choose the engine. When the flight engine is turned on, it will provide power for the two propellers of the aircraft. According to the Bridgeport Herald, Gustav flew a vulture in August, 190 1, and was able to spread his wings and realize two demonstration flights. On the second flight, "Vulture" lifted off the ground 15 meters and continued to fly for 2.5 kilometers. Later, Gustav updated the design of the aircraft again and named it "No.22", and conducted a demonstration flight on190265438+1October 22nd, when there were 17 witnesses. If the report is true, Gustav deserves to be called "the world's first aircraft manufacturer", two years before the Wright brothers made the aircraft. One of the most important inventions of the twentieth century was the birth of the airplane. Since ancient times, human beings have dreamed of flying in space like birds. The kite invented by China people more than 2000 years ago, although it can't take people into the sky, it can really be called the originator of airplanes.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States had two brothers who made great contributions to the history of aircraft development in the world, namely the Wright brothers. At that time, most people thought that it was absolutely impossible for an airplane to fly by its own power, but the Wright brothers did not believe this conclusion. From 1900 to 1902, the two brothers made more than 1000 gliding test flights, and finally in 1903, they built the first manned aircraft "Flyer" 1. Therefore, they won the honorary award of 1909 from the US Congress. In the same year, they established Wright Aircraft Company. This is a great progress made by human beings in the history of aircraft development.
From 1927 to 1932, the development of cockpit instruments and navigation equipment has made progress, and gyro technology has been applied to flight instruments. The rotating flywheel mounted on the gimbal can keep its orientation in space, so it becomes the basis of various navigation instruments to guide drivers to fly in the night, rain and snow. At this time, an artificial horizon appeared in the plane, which can indicate the flying height of the plane to the pilot; A gyro magnetic compass indicator engraved with degrees on the compass; Geomagnetic induction compass, it is not affected by a large number of iron things often carried on the plane, nor by vibration and the earth's magnetic field. These instruments, such as a highly sensitive altimeter, can measure the height more than 30 meters above the ground, a turning sideslip instrument that shows the turning angular velocity of the aircraft, and a radio beam that indicates the air route, all of which are used to guide the driver through the fuzzy atmosphere.
Flight simulator, also known as flight simulator, can simulate the flight state of aircraft on the ground. 1930, American Edwin Link invented the first flight simulator and named it "link trainer" after himself. Although there are technical defects, it has demonstrated the advantages of repeated and safe emergency action training without using real machines. At present, the aircraft simulator has been composed of computer, simulated cockpit, motion system, control load system and visual system. It is an indispensable technical equipment for modern aviation scientific research, teaching and experiment.
19101210, at the Paris exhibition, an airplane crashed while performing. The pilot was thrown out of the burning cabin. But this plane has aroused great concern. Because it uses a new engine. The designer is the pilot himself, a Romanian named Henry Koda, who graduated from the French higher technical school. The engine he designed is a 50-horsepower engine, which makes the fan push the air backward, and at the same time adds an afterburner to increase the reverse thrust. This is the earliest jet engine.
In the late 1930s, the maximum horizontal flight speed of piston-driven propeller aircraft reached 700 kilometers per hour, and it was close to the sound speed when diving. The problem of sound barrier is increasingly prominent. The former Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries have vigorously carried out the research work of jet engines. Aoan, a German designer, was the first person to successfully develop a new engine. 1934 Aoan obtained the patent of centrifugal turbojet engine. 1939 On August 27th, Aoan made a He- 178 jet with his engine.
1942 In July, 23-year-old German Ohain built the first jet plane Me-262, which was tested on June 18 of the same year. Because the jet plane is faster than the propeller plane 160km/h, the German government agreed to start air combat. 1in August, 944, the Germans shot down 18 American propeller planes with 37 jets, which caused vibration among the allied forces.
After the jet engine was developed, scientists further made the plane fly over the sound barrier. 10 years later, this work was finally completed by Americans.
194710 June 14, in Sangerfield, California, USA, Bell Company tested a plane that could break through the sound barrier. In the morning 10, a huge B-29 bomber took off, and a small plane with a strange shape hung under the cabin. This small plane was named X- 1 rocket plane. The X- 1 aircraft is equipped with four rocket engines with a total thrust of 2,700kg, and the fuel used is dangerous liquid hydrogen and alcohol. When the B-29 bomber lowered it from the air, its four rocket engines ignited one after another. Twenty-eight seconds after the aircraft engine starts 1 min, the Mach number reaches 1, and the aircraft reaches the speed of sound. At this time, the fuel of X- 1 aircraft is running out, and the speed becomes faster, reaching Mach number 1? 06, the height at this time is 13000m. Although the test flight was successful, this record was not recognized because the X- 1 aircraft did not take off by its own power. The invention of the airplane has brought people new dissatisfaction with the benefit of the whole people. The plane needs to run when it takes off, and it needs to build a corresponding runway and airport. This has brought a lot of inconvenience, so some people began to explore aircraft that can take off and land vertically, commonly known as helicopters.
1939 On September 4th, the world's first practical helicopter was born. That is the VS-300 helicopter successfully developed by Sikorsky Company, an American engineer. Sikorsky was originally from Russia and moved to the United States on 1930. The VS-300 helicopter he made has 1 main rotor and 3 tail rotors. Later, after many test flights, the 3-tail rotor was changed to 1, and this practical helicopter became the originator of modern helicopters.
After the birth of VS-300 helicopter, it had a great influence, especially since 1950s, the manufacturing technology of helicopter developed rapidly. Before the mid-1950s, the power plant of helicopter was in the period of piston engine, and then it entered the period of jet turbine shaft. The rotor material structure technology has also gone through several stages; In the 1940s-1950s, it was a metal-wood wing mixed structure, in the 1950s-1960s, it was a metal structure, in the 1960s-1970s, it was a glass fiber structure, and it developed into a new composite structure after the 1970s.
In the 1920s, airplanes began to carry passengers. At the beginning of World War II, the United States began to convert a large number of transport planes into passenger planes. Since the 1960s, some large transport planes and supersonic transport planes have appeared in the world, and turbofan engines have gradually become popular. The famous ones are An -22 and Il-76 produced by the former Soviet Union; American C- 14 1, C-5A, Boeing-747; Airbus in France and so on. Supersonic transport aircraft include Concorde jointly developed by Britain and France and Tu-144 of the former Soviet Union. However, the development of supersonic passenger aircraft is not optimistic. Concorde was discontinued in the 1980s because of its high price and high noise pollution, which affected its efficiency. Tu- 144 in the former Soviet Union was grounded in the 1980s for the same reason. Since the invention of the airplane, it has become an indispensable means of transportation for modern civilization. It profoundly changes and affects people's lives. Due to the invention of the airplane, the time for human beings to travel around the world has been greatly shortened. The first round-the-world trip was completed in16th century. At that time, the Portuguese Magellan led a fleet from Spain, which took three years to cross the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, circle the earth and return to Spain. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, it took a Frenchman 43 days to travel around the world by train. After the invention of the airplane, people made another round-the-world trip at 1949. A B-50 bomber flew 37,700 kilometers around the earth in just 94 hours after four beautiful aerial refueling. It is better to be strong than not. After the supersonic plane appeared, people flew higher and faster. 1979, spector, an Englishman, flew 36,900 kilometers and circled the earth in only 14 hours and 6 minutes. In less than a day, you can fly to every corner of the earth. Isn't this a miracle for people who lived before the 20th century?
The intricate air routes connect countries all over the world, providing people with convenient and fast passenger transportation. As early as the 1920s, air transport started regular flights to transport passengers and mail. Nowadays, air routes extend in all directions, and people will see a silver plane at any time, like a big bird, passing by in the blue sky. For modern people, it is common to be in Beijing in the morning and in another city thousands of miles away in the afternoon without being tired. Yin Yan closely links people of different races and colors in different regions. Through constant communication, people sow friendship and transmit information, so as to achieve mutual communication, mutual understanding and mutual promotion and jointly promote human civilization.
The invention of aircraft also made the air transport industry develop unprecedentedly, and many raw materials needed for industrial development had new sources and channels, greatly reducing people's dependence on local natural resources. Livestock that are not suitable for long-term transportation, delicious food that is difficult to preserve for a long time, can also fly all over the world and be enjoyed by people all over the world. Lingnan litchi, which was not easy for even the imperial concubine to taste, has now appeared in the homes of ordinary people.
When humans marched into the depths of the earth, airplanes were also widely used in geological exploration. People can quickly and accurately survey vast areas, including steep and hard-to-reach places, by airplanes equipped with cameras or electronic equipment called Lan Xiao system. An excellent topographic map can be drawn by splicing aerial photos one by one. This is much easier than the old surveying and mapping method. Even the inaccessible Arctic and Antarctic, which have just been explored by explorers, can be reached by plane without any difficulty.
Of course, the role of aircraft in modern warfare is even more amazing. It can be used not only for reconnaissance and bombing, but also for early warning, anti-submarine and mine clearance. In the Gulf War that broke out in the early 1990s, the great power of airplanes was obvious to all. Of course, the military application of aircraft has also brought great disasters to mankind and caused devastating damage to human civilization. But the peaceful use of aircraft is the original intention of human beings to invent aircraft.