Alias: Phalaenopsis (Flora of Taiwan Province Province), Phalaenopsis of Taiwan Province Province (Flora of Taiwan)
Scientific name/Latin name: Phalaenopsis
English name: Moth orchid; ; Phalaenopsis
Classification of families and genera
Field: the plant kingdom in the plant kingdom
Door: angiosperm magnolia door
Class: monocotyledonous Liliaceae
Objective: Asparagus.
Group: Ranko
Subsubfamily: Epidermal Pteridaceae of Orchidaceae.
Ethnic group: Bandailan Vandaeae
Subsubfamily: Eupatorium, a subfamily of Eupatorium.
Genus: Phalaenopsis
Natural distribution:
Low latitude tropical islands, such as Philippine, Malay Peninsula and Taiwan Province Province.
Habit introduction:
Like high temperature and high humidity ventilation, extremely resistant to waterlogging and semi-cloudy, avoid direct sunlight. Overwintering temperature shall not be lower than 15℃.
Brief introduction of the factory:
There are about 100 species of orchids. Originated in Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America and Central America. Two famous species, P. bifolia, have white flowers and smaller plants. Jinsulan has large flowers, green and white, and large plant shape. All have five? 6? 5 15 flowers, fragrant, clustered into spikes.
The scientific name of Phalaenopsis is "butterfly orchid", according to the original Greek meaning. It can absorb nutrients in the air and survive, belonging to the category of aerial orchids, which can be said to be a large family of tropical orchids. Its plants are very strange. There are neither stolons nor pseudobulb. Each tree only grows a few broad leaves the thickness of a spoon, which are alternately stacked on the base. White roots are exposed around the leaves, and some are close to the outer wall of the flowerpot, which is very natural and wild. During the Spring Festival, a foot-long pedicel is pulled out from the axils of leaves and then blooms one after another. Each flower has five sunsets with a lip embedded in the middle. Bright colors capture sunlight, including pure white and goose yellow. Tripping red, lavender, orange red and blue. There are many two-color or three-color varieties, some like embroidered stripes, some like uniform color points, with seven or eight flowers per branch and twelve or three more flowers, which can be watched continuously for sixty or seventy days. When all the flowers are in full bloom, it seems that a group of butterflies are dancing gently, and its elegant leisure is really picturesque and dreamlike.
Phalaenopsis is a famous cut flower variety, belonging to more than 50 species. Phalaenopsis is a monocotyledonous epiphytic orchid with short stems and large leaves. It has one or several arched flower stems and large flowers, so it is named because the flowers look like butterflies. Beautiful flowers and bright colors are the treasures of tropical orchids and have the reputation of "Orchid Queen".
Phalaenopsis is graceful and elegant in color and is widely cultivated all over the world. Although it belongs to aerial orchid, it has no pseudobulbous stem and only a very short stem at the base. The leaves are wide and thick, long and oval, and can reach more than 50 cm. Some varieties have beautiful light silver spots on their leaves and purple bottoms. Pedicels are pulled out from the axils of leaves, slightly curved, with different lengths, and several to hundreds of flowers are shaped like butterflies. Sepals are long and oval, and the tip of the lip has three leaflets. They can bloom for more than a month, and most of them are cut flowers abroad, which are high-grade products in cymbidium.
Distribution of origin:
Phalaenopsis was discovered by 1750. Up to now, more than 70 species of protozoa have been discovered, most of which are distributed in humid Asia, and naturally distributed in Arom, Myanmar, Indian Ocean Islands, Nanyang Islands, the Philippines and even Taiwan Province Province. Phalaenopsis produced in Wusenyong forest and Green Island in Taitung is the most famous.
There are many varieties:
There are about 70 species of protozoa in the world, but most of them have small flowers. Phalaenopsis, as a commercial cultivation, is mostly artificially propagated.
There are more than 530 varieties selected by hybridization. Yellow flowers are more expensive. There is a kind of yellow flower called Huang, which is a "superstar" and has a high price. As for the blue flower variety, it is also rare. Phalaenopsis presented by Taiwan Province Province won the gold medal for two consecutive years at the International Orchid Expositions of 1952 and 1953. 1989 At the14th Orchid Exhibition held in Hong Kong, a Phalaenopsis with white petals and red lips presented by Mr. Hu Bingchi won the overall championship. These outstanding awards have laid a solid foundation for the development of Phalaenopsis. Nowadays, the consumption of Phalaenopsis in Europe and America is increasing, and Phalaenopsis is indispensable for any senior banquet. Many brides and Xiang Bin like to use it as bouquets and lapels. Italy alone sold more than 2.6 million Phalaenopsis in 1990, a record high. In Hong Kong, the price of each pot is about HK$ 7O ~ 100, and the price of cut flowers from mother branches is HK$ 15 ~ 30.
Morphological characteristics:
The stems are very short and usually covered by leaf sheaths. Leaf blade is slightly fleshy, usually 3-4 or more, dead surface green, back purple, oval, oblong or sickle oblong, length 10-20cm, width 3-6cm, sharp or blunt apex, wedge-shaped base or sometimes skewed, and short and wide sheath. Inflorescence lateral to stem base, up to 50 cm long, unbranched or sometimes branched; Peduncle green, 4-5 mm thick, covered by several scale sheaths; Inflorescence axis is purple-green, more or less folded, and often several flowers open from the base to the top in turn; Bracts ovate-triangular, 3-5 mm long; Pedicel ovary green, slender, 2.5-4.5 cm long; The flowers are white, beautiful and have a long flowering period; The middle sepal is nearly oval, 2.5-3cm long and1.4-1.7cm wide, with blunt apex, slightly narrow base and reticulate veins. Lateral sepals are ovoid, 2.6-3.5 cm long and 65438 0.4-2.2 cm wide, with blunt tip and narrow base, attached to pistil base and reticulate veins; Petals are rhombic and round, 2.7-3.4 cm long and 2.4-3.8 cm wide, with rounded apex, narrow short claws at the base and reticulate veins; Lip 3-lobed, with claws about 7-9 mm long at the base; Lateral leaves are erect, obovate, 2 cm long, with round or acute apex, narrow base with red spots or fine stripes, and 1 yellow sarcoidosis between two leaves and at the base of middle leaf; The middle leaf is rhombic, with a length of1.5-2.8cm, a width of1.4-1.7cm, a tapering tip, two tendrils 8-18mm long and a wedge-shaped base. Pistil stout, about 65438 0 cm long, pistil foot wide; 2 pollen balls, nearly spherical, each divided into 2 pieces of different sizes. The flowering period is from April to June.
Ecological habits and protection:
I like high temperature, high humidity, ventilation and semi-cloudy environment, and avoid waterlogging and stuffy. The overwintering temperature shall not be lower than 15 degrees. Because Phalaenopsis was born in the tropical rain forest area, it likes warm and cold by nature. The optimum growth temperature is 18 ~ 30℃. If it is lower than 15℃ in winter, it will stop growing, and if it is lower than 10℃, it will die easily. If large-scale production is to be carried out in all parts of Lingnan, it is necessary to have cold-proof facilities and implement protective cultivation. If the amount of family planting is small, you can move indoors to keep the temperature and winter safely when it is cold.
Its propagation mostly adopts cell tissue culture, and it can bloom about two years after transplanting into seedlings in test tubes. When the flowering period of some mother plants is over, sometimes axillary buds on pedicels will grow and develop into offspring. When it grows roots, it can be cut from the pedicel for ramet propagation.
Materials: Because of its aerial characteristics, potted plants should not use soil, but should use water moss, pumice, spinulosa spinulosa, charcoal and so on. Or directly fix the seedlings on the rime board (also known as snake wood) and let them grow on their own. This cultivation method is modeled after its original ecological environment. When the flowers bloom, hanging the whole board on the wall is really charming. Phalaenopsis has many air roots. The root tip is green and sensitive. Be careful to protect it. Never touch or damage the root tip, otherwise the root will stop growing.
Temperature: Phalaenopsis belongs to tropical high-temperature orchids, and the suitable growth temperature is 20-30 degrees Celsius. Below 15 degrees, you will go to sleep; below 10 degrees, you will die easily. However, the high temperature above 35 degrees affects growth and is easy to get sick. Flowering needs a low temperature of 15- 18 degrees for one month to promote flower bud differentiation, and then if the low temperature continues, the germination of pedicels will be delayed.
Air: Phalaenopsis likes a humid and ventilated environment. It is required that the humidity of the air should always be kept at 60% ~ 80%, and it is best to keep the air flowing with a breeze, and there should not be too much water in the basin. If the root is surrounded by liquid water for 6-8 hours, it is easy to rot, so ventilation is the key to raising Phalaenopsis. If the material is crisp and breathable, the root will grow strong. Avoid dry and hot wind blowing. Planting in winter in the north can't be placed on the radiator, nor can it be blown directly against the air conditioning wind.
Sunlight: Phalaenopsis is mostly attached to the branches of tall trees in tropical rain forest under natural conditions, and it is sheltered by shade. Avoid direct sunlight, otherwise it will burn leaves in a large area, but it can't stand cloudy days indoors, which leads to slow growth and is not conducive to nutrient storage and flowering. It is best to put it on the balcony or windowsill facing north and east, so that you can receive scattered light, grow strong and get sick less.
Moisture: Phalaenopsis is not drought-tolerant because there are no stolons and pseudobulb, and Phalaenopsis is also afraid of waterlogging and humidity because of its aerial characteristics. It is enough to keep the material moist during the high temperature period in summer. You can spray water to cool and humidify (but you can't leave water in the leaf core, which is easy to rot). You can also humidify the flowerpot with a wet towel. However, it must be noted that the roots should not be excessively wet for a long time, especially when they are surrounded by liquid water for a long time. For example, the daily watering amount in summer, which is naturally air-dried on that day and moist between dry days, will greatly reduce the occurrence of root rot and diseases. There is little water in winter, so keep the material slightly wet.
Fertilization: Phalaenopsis fertilization principle is to apply thin fertilizer frequently, and not to apply excessive chemical fertilizer. The concentration should be diluted 1 times according to the nominal concentration on the fertilizer packaging instructions. That is 1500 -2000 times or so. You can also use special fertilizer for Phalaenopsis. Application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in growth period promotes application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in flowering period. It can be once a week or once every half a month. Fertilization is not applied during the dormancy period of flowering, and proper fertilization should be paid attention to in the early and late stages of flowering.
Conditions for promoting flowering: The flowering of Phalaenopsis is mainly affected by temperature. Flower bud differentiation needs low temperature stimulation. The latent buds in the stem can be transformed into flower buds after a month of low temperature stimulation at 20-23 degrees during the day and below 18 degrees at night (but not below 15 degrees for a long time). After that, the flower buds need higher temperature when they break through the epidermis and grow into pedicels, and the normal growth temperature is appropriate. Continued low temperature will lead to slow germination of pedicels, too small flowers or even wither halfway. Appropriate increase in sunshine during flowering period is helpful for brightly colored flowers to bloom early.
Disease prevention: Phalaenopsis grows in high temperature and high humidity environment. It is easy to be invaded by germs. Once the disease spreads rapidly, prevention should be given priority. Common virus diseases include leaf spot, root rot anthracnose, etc. At ordinary times, the pesticide chlorothalonil can be used (this drug has good preventive effect and low drug resistance, but it has no therapeutic effect on diseased plants. Guanjunqing is more effective with its upgraded product Dakangning preparation or thiophanate methyl (this drug can be prevented and cured, but bacteria are prone to drug resistance and cannot be used alone for a long time). Yes 1000- 1500 times, spray 1 time every seven or eight days, and spray three times in a row. These potions will leave white marks on the leaves, and they don't need to be wiped off, so they can continue to play a bactericidal role.
For the similar products mentioned above, suspension has better effect and longer duration than powder. Operationally, the human body is not so addictive.
Stage culture:
Phalaenopsis can be divided into five growth stages from bottle seedlings to flowering sales: bottle seedlings, small seedlings, medium seedlings, large seedlings and flowering period. The main points of cultivation management are as follows.
First, early management. In the growth stage of bottle seedlings, the optimum growth temperature is 25℃-28℃ during the day and 18℃-20℃ at night. The optimum temperature for seedling growth is 23℃. When the temperature is higher than 35℃ or lower than 10℃, the growth stops. The temperature of fresh seedlings should be lower than 20℃, the relative humidity of air should be kept at 70-80%, and the illumination should be controlled below 1000 lux. After a transitional period, the light gradually increased to 10000 lux and finally reached 15000 lux.
Fertilizer and water management plays an important role in seedling growth stage. Tissue culture seedlings should not be fertilized and watered within 3-5 days after leaving the bottle, and should be disinfected immediately. You can use carbendazim 1000 times liquid to sterilize the leaves, and spray rooting powder once every other day and three times. After a transition period of 3-5 days, apply fertilizer for the first time 1 time, and spray 10 times of Huaduoduo No.65438 (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 30: 10), depending on the water moss. Spraying Huaduoduo 1 0 (30: 10:10) 2500 times of liquid foliar fertilizer every1day. 1 week, the seedlings were fertilized for the second time according to the dry and wet conditions. The principle of fertilization at this time is high nitrogen, low phosphorus and low potassium.
After 4 months of cultivation, the seedlings grow into medium seedlings, and the pots should be changed at this time. The tightness of aquatic plants is based on the tightness of muscles under the palm, which can be large or small, but the standards must be unified. The management of the middle seedling stage is basically similar to that of the seedling stage, but the light can be increased to 20 thousand lux. Alternately use Huaduoduo No.8 and 1 (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 20: 10:20 and 20:20:20 respectively) for fertilization. Pay attention to the trend and growth of new leaves in the middle stage of seedling stage, generally place them in the east-west direction and turn the leaves regularly. At this time, the principle of fertilization is low nitrogen, high phosphorus and high potassium.
After 4-6 months of cultivation, the middle seedlings enter the big seedling stage. The management method is the same as that of medium seedlings, but the fertilization method is 1 huahuoduo (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 20:20:20).
Second, late management. Flowering period is the management of late growth period. The flowering of Phalaenopsis is caused by low temperature, so besides careful management, the temperature should be controlled well. First, the temperature was kept above 20℃ for 2 months, then the night temperature was reduced to below 65438 08℃, and flower buds were formed after 45 days. After the flower bud is formed, the temperature is kept at 18-20℃ at night and at 25-28℃ during the day. It can bloom after 3-4 months, and the flowering temperature is slightly reduced, but not lower than 15℃. After the flower bud is elongated, the column must be erected, that is, before the flower stem is elongated but not lodging, the flower stem is tied to the column, leaving room for the flower stem to be elongated and thickened.
Water and fertilizer management at flowering stage is particularly important. Watering should be done at 10 in the morning, so as to avoid sprinkling water directly on the flowers. After watering, ventilate with an exhaust fan to keep the air in the shed fresh and make the residual moisture dissipate as soon as possible. At this time, the best fertilization scheme is Huaduoduo 2 (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 10:30:20) 1000 times, depending on the situation of Phalaenopsis.
Phalaenopsis is prone to soft rot and gray spot disease. Soft rot is highly contagious. Once found, isolate the diseased plants immediately. The diseased strain can be controlled by manganese zinc sulfate or good organisms. Usually 15 days sterilization 1 time.
Maintenance:
1. Cultivation substrates: The common cultivation substrates of Phalaenopsis are mainly aquatic plants and mosses.
2, temperature: family Phalaenopsis must first ensure the temperature. Phalaenopsis likes high temperature and high humidity environment, and the minimum temperature during the growing period should be kept above 15℃. The suitable growth temperature of Phalaenopsis is 65438 06℃ to 30℃. At the turn of autumn and winter, at the turn of winter and spring, when the temperature is low in winter, we should pay attention to increasing the temperature. Generally, it is not difficult to reach this temperature in a room with heating equipment in winter, but be careful not to put flowers directly on the radiator or too close. The temperature is high in summer, so we should cool down and pay attention to ventilation. If the temperature is higher than 32℃, Phalaenopsis usually enters a semi-dormant state, so it is necessary to avoid continuous high temperature. The flowering period is around the Spring Festival, so proper cooling can prolong the viewing time. When flowering, the temperature at night should be controlled between 13℃ and 16℃, but not lower than 13℃.
3, watering: Phalaenopsis is native to the virgin forest, foggy and high temperature. Phalaenopsis does not have a thick pseudobulb to store nutrients. If the temperature in the air is insufficient, the leaves of Phalaenopsis will wrinkle and become weak. So Phalaenopsis should be cultivated and maintained in a ventilated and high humidity environment. The suitable air humidity of Phalaenopsis is 60-0%. The new roots of Phalaenopsis should be watered more in the vigorous growth period and less in the dormant period after flowering. Water it once a day at about 5 pm in spring and autumn. Plants grow vigorously in summer, and they are watered at 9 am and 5 pm every day. In winter, the light is weak and the temperature is low. It is enough to water every other week, so it should be finished before 10 in the morning. It is not suitable to water in case of cold wave, keep it dry, and then resume watering after cold wave. The principle of watering is that the surface of the cultivation substrate is dried before watering, and the water temperature should be close to room temperature. When the indoor air is dry, you can spray it directly on the leaves with a sprayer until the leaves are wet, but be careful not to spray fog on the flowers when flowering. Tap water should be stored for more than 72 hours before watering.
4. Illumination: Although Phalaenopsis likes shade, orchid plants should receive some light, especially before and after flowering. Proper light can promote Phalaenopsis to bloom and make the blooming flowers gorgeous and lasting. Generally, it should be placed indoors in a place with scattered light, not in direct sunlight.
5. Ventilation: The normal growth of Phalaenopsis needs flowing fresh air, so the domestic Phalaenopsis must be well ventilated, especially in the high humidity period in summer, to prevent heatstroke and avoid infection by pests and diseases.
6, nutrition: Phalaenopsis should be fertilized all year round, unless the low temperature lasts for a long time, don't stop fertilization. Winter is the flower bud differentiation period of Phalaenopsis, and stopping fertilization can easily lead to no or few flowers. During the spring and summer growth period, dilute liquid fertilizer can be applied every 7 days ~ 10 days, and organic fertilizer or special nutrient solution for Phalaenopsis should be used, but it should not be applied when there are buds, otherwise the buds will drop early. When leaves grow in summer (that is, after flowering), nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can be topdressing. Phosphorus fertilizer can be used in autumn and winter growth period, but it should be diluted and applied once every 2 ~ 3 weeks. Fertilization time is after watering in the afternoon. After fertilizing for several times, flush the orchid pots and plants with plenty of water to avoid residual inorganic salts from harming the roots.
7. Post-flowering management: The flowering period is generally around the Spring Festival, and the viewing period can last for 2 to 3 months. When flowers wither, they should be cut off as soon as possible, which can reduce the consumption of nutrients. If the stem is cut off from the base by 4 to 5 nodes, it can bloom again after 2 to 3 months. However, the nutrient consumption of this plant is too high, which is not conducive to the growth in the coming year. If you want to have good flowers next year, you'd better cut off the stems from the base. When the substrate is aging, it should be replaced in time, otherwise the air permeability will become worse, which will cause root rot, plant growth weakening and even death. Generally, it is appropriate to change pots when new leaves grow in May.
Precautions:
1, frequent watering: friends who plant Phalaenopsis are always worried about the lack of water in Phalaenopsis. No matter whether the cultivation substrate is dry or not, watering every day will cause serious root rot.
2, the temperature is too low: usually Phalaenopsis flowering plants are listed in early spring, and they are usually placed in the living room and other places to enjoy after they are bought back. Although the day temperature in these places is enough, the night temperature is a little low. On the other hand, professional orchids are mostly cultivated in well-equipped greenhouses. In contrast, the temperature and humidity at home are slightly insufficient, which makes the growth of plants tend to be increasingly weak. So, sometimes, no matter how well preserved, orchids still fail to bloom.
3, excessive fertilization: If there is fertilizer, and do not pay attention to the concentration, I feel that fertilization grows fast. It should be noted that Phalaenopsis should be applied with thin fertilizer, and a small amount should be applied several times. Remember that "tonic" cannot be excessive, otherwise it will be counterproductive.
4, small plants and big pots: I feel that using a big pot can give Phalaenopsis a relaxed environment and sufficient materials. In fact, after using a large basin, the aquatic plants are not easy to dry. It should be noted that Phalaenopsis likes ventilation, and the general principle of qi is comfort.