How to write a scientific paper?
When writing a high-quality scientific paper, you should pay attention to the following points:
1. Choose a good topic
When writing a scientific paper, you must first consider what to write, that is, the choice of topic. Choosing a topic is the key to writing a good paper. Pay attention to the following principles: Value principle, that is, the theoretical value and practical value of the topic. It should be of inspiration, guidance and reference to other students; the feasible principle refers to the possibility of subjective and objective conditions, that is, the writer's personal professional knowledge, theoretical accomplishment, knowledge, materials at hand, experimental conditions, and surrounding environment. Don’t be greedy for bigness and seek depth, and you should act within your capabilities; the principle of novelty means that the topic should be something that has not been studied or studied by others but has not been solved or completely solved. Pay attention to “noble innovation”.
2. Formulate the title
The title of the article is like the title. A good title can wow people and make it unforgettable at a glance. It is like an advertisement to promote a product and plays a key role in attracting readers. A good science and technology essay title should focus on three words: accurate, small, and new. Accurate means that the title should use concise words to accurately reveal the content of the paper. For example, the title of a scientific paper written by a classmate is "The Decontamination Principle of Soap and Optimum Laundry Concentration." If you look at the title, you can know the content of the paper at a glance. Small refers to the small angle of the question. The smaller the angle, the better the directionality, and the clearer the idea of ??the article, making it easier to write in a concentrated and compact manner. Topics that are too broad are often difficult to control because we devote less energy to research, have a narrow scope, and do not have deep professional knowledge. For example, the title of a science and technology paper written by a middle school student is "Research and Production of Electrostatic Precipitation Blackboard Eraser". The title is small and specific, and the student can make an in-depth explanation. New refers to striving to reveal fresh ideas in the title. Only when the topic is fresh can it be valuable to read. Without unique insights and new discoveries, no matter how good the expression is and how powerful the argument is, it is still a blind man lighting a lamp in vain.
3. Write a good opening
The beginning of an article is in a special position to set the tone, and has always been valued by writers. The ancients said: "If there is no law, it will be chaotic and floating." Although the beginning is short, it is an integral part of the whole article, reminding the author of his thoughts and interception of many materials. Therefore, he must have an overall grasp of the whole article before writing.
There are many openings for scientific and technological essays. There is no fixed format, but there are rules to follow. This requires a careful understanding of various opening techniques and flexible use according to the actual writing.
1. Leading example method
When writing a short scientific paper, introducing a topic at the beginning shows the reality of the research problem and stimulates readers' desire to follow the clues. For example, in the article "A Mechanics Problem That Is Easy to Solve Wrong" written by a classmate, the author begins by posing a mechanics problem that is familiar to students and easy to make mistakes, and explains the wrong solution process to the readers, which arouses strong concern in the readers. Interested, and eager to read the full text to know what is wrong with this question.
2. Revealing the background method
Place the research problem in the current general environment and background of social and economic development, allowing readers to appreciate the significance of the research at a higher level Even directionality. For example, the article "Countermeasures for the Prevention and Control of Industrial Environmental Pollution in Townships" begins like this: "Since the reform and opening up, the rapid rise and vigorous development of township enterprises have created a large amount of material wealth, causing a series of profound changes in the rural economy. In some developed and relatively developed countries In various regions, township and village enterprises have become an important pillar of the rural economy and an important part of the national economy. However, with the rapid development of township and village enterprises, the impact of township and village industries on environmental pollution and ecological damage has become increasingly prominent.
At the beginning, the research questions and the development trend of the proposition are closely linked with the environmental pollution and ecological damage of today's township industries, making people realize the urgency of controlling environmental pollution.
3. Point out the harmful effects of the law
Many small essays that argue and correct mistakes often point out certain shortcomings, making people suddenly startled and aware of the urgency of solving the problem.
4. Outline argument method
In the preface, the author presents the main points to the reader in a concentrated manner, giving a sense of wholeness. This is tantamount to giving the reader a bunch of keys. Reading further is an attempt to open a whole book. Open the door.
5. Setting questions
The main purpose of setting questions is to leave suspense for readers, so that they can impatiently pay attention to the discussion issues driven by curiosity.
The above are five ways to write a good beginning of a scientific paper. It is worth mentioning that there are countless ways to start, and various methods are often organically combined and used together.
4. Breaking down the main points
The empirical materials are numerous and complex. How to unify them in an orderly manner and into the central argument? In the main part of a short paper, it is often convenient to use the method of discussion in sections. The advantage of this writing method is that it is highly organized and layered, giving people a comprehensive and profound three-dimensional sense. Of course, every point of view must be the crystallization of careful consideration, be summarized, be objective, and be innovative.
5. Make good use of materials
Scientific and technological essays are not simply a list of the materials at hand. Profound reasoning and regular guidance are its essential characteristics. Viewpoints and materials complement each other. The value of the paper is reflected in the value of the topic, and the value of the topic is reflected in the argument of the materials. The organic integration of the two will form a good scientific and technological paper.
6. Common sense in manuscript writing
In order to reduce the difficulties in editing and publishing, and in order to reduce errors in paper layout, authors should also pay attention to mastering some manuscripts when writing small scientific papers. Writing knowledge.
Generally speaking, you should pay attention to the following issues: the manuscript should be written clearly on standard manuscript paper (or printed on a computer). One word per box, and punctuation marks occupy a separate box. Explanatory text that does not require typesetting must be marked in pencil. When writing, standard simplified characters should be used to prevent typos and do not make up new words. Except for numbers in idioms, ancient texts and quoted documents, Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers. The centuries, years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds of AD all use Arabic numerals. Years cannot be abbreviated (for example, 1999 cannot be abbreviated as 99). For numbers with more than five digits, "100 million" and "10,000" can be used as units. Numbers with four or more digits must be written consecutively without dividing them into nodes; foreign letters, chemical symbols, etc. must be written correctly and clearly. Foreign languages ??should be written in print, upper and lower case must be distinct, and the language type must be marked with pencil, italics, and upper and lower subscripts. Please refer to the writing method in middle school textbooks for this content. The arrangement of each line position in the chemical structural formula must be accurate; mathematical formulas and chemical equations should be written separately in the center, and use standard fonts; use standard punctuation and other symbols. When writing, dashes occupy two spaces, ellipses occupy two spaces, hyphens occupy half a space, and other symbols occupy one space. Also pay attention to the writing position of pauses, commas, colons, semicolons, and quotation marks; the measurement units involved in the manuscript should use legal measurement units, and the legal Chinese names should be used in the text description; the tables in the manuscript should be filled in clearly by the author. The table number and name are usually in front of the table, and the description is after the table. When writing the same form on another page, the words "continuation form" should be marked in front. There is no punctuation mark at the end of the text in the table, and the text is in the top box; the text can describe the content clearly, and illustrations are generally not used. The use of illustrations must serve the purpose of both pictures and text. Pay attention to the connection and matching of text and illustrations, and illustrations should be numbered sequentially.
Methods and techniques for writing science and technology essays
Science and technology essays are summaries of students’ scientific research, not literary works. The writing method of a short paper has certain standards, which includes the following contents:
1. Thesis title: The title should be consistent with the content of the research, and the article cannot be wrong. The title must be concise, novel, and attractive to readers. For example, "Why does salted egg yolk produce oil?" 》Clear and attract readers. The research topic cannot be too big, otherwise it will be impossible to start.
2. Introduction: It is the opening statement of the paper, briefly explaining the purpose of conducting the research or how the author came up with the idea of ??conducting research in this area.
3. Materials and research methods: It is necessary to write down clearly the objects of investigation and observation, the materials and sources of the experiments; what research methods and specific research steps are used; what instruments are used, etc. This must be explained clearly and truthfully , so as to withstand repeated testing by others.
4. Results: It is the argument part of the paper. In addition to using words, you can also use data in tables, pictures, and photos to make it more convincing. The authenticity and reliability of data is the key to experimental research.
5. Discussion: This is the argument and argument part of the paper. What scientific conclusions were drawn from the experiment. And it should be explained on the basis of theory. Arguments must be based on scientific research methods and research results, be appropriate and seek truth from facts.
If you are divorced from reality and deliberately expand the research results, you will lose the scientific nature of the paper, and the result will be nothing.
To choose the topic for this science and technology paper, you can refer to the relevant topics in the series through observation, inspection, experiment and other means. You can also discuss your own creative skills and production process. The paper should be written on A4 paper.