There is an electromagnetic coil above the permanent magnet, so the potential energy generated by the electromagnetic coil with quantitative work is proportional to the magnetic force of the permanent magnet. Perpetual machine refers to an engine that violates the basic laws of thermodynamics and cannot be realized. Machines that can do work forever without consuming energy violate the first law of thermodynamics, so they are called "perpetual motion machines of the first kind". In the absence of temperature difference, a machine that constantly absorbs heat from sea water or air in nature and converts it into mechanical energy violates the second law of thermodynamics, so it is called "the second kind of perpetual motion machine". The word perpetual motion machine is not appropriate. For example, once a flywheel starts to move, it can continue to move permanently without friction and resistance, which is not easy to realize in practice, but it is meaningful and can be regarded as a practical limit situation. The so-called perpetual motion machine does not mean this situation, not trying to keep eternal motion, but expecting to get useful work continuously without external energy supply, that is, without consuming any fuel and power. If this perpetual motion machine can really be made, then we can get infinite power out of nothing without using any natural energy. When people haven't mastered the basic laws of nature, this idea has tempted many people with outstanding creative talents, who have devoted a lot of wisdom and labor to pursue the realization of this dream. However, no perpetual motion machine has been actually manufactured, and no design scheme of perpetual motion machine can stand the scientific test.
Dream of perpetual motion machine
The idea of perpetual motion machine originated in India. Around the year 1200, this idea spread from India to the Islamic world, and from here to the west. In Europe, one of the most famous perpetual motion machine designs in the early days was put forward by a Frenchman named Hennecau in the13rd century. As shown in the figure: there is a rotating shaft in the center of the wheel, and 12 movable short rods are installed at the edge of the wheel, and one end of each short rod is equipped with an iron ball. The designer of the scheme thinks that the ball on the right is farther from the axis than the ball on the left, so the rotating torque generated by the ball on the right is greater than that generated by the ball on the left. In this way, the wheel will rotate endlessly in the direction indicated by the arrow, driving the machine to rotate. This design has been copied by many people in different forms, but it has never been endlessly turned over. After careful analysis, it will be found that although the torque produced by each ball on the right is large and the number of balls is small, the torque produced by each ball on the left is small, but the number of balls is large. Therefore, the wheel will not continue to rotate to do work, but will only swing a few times and stop at the position drawn on the right. Later, Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) made a similar device in Renaissance Italy. When he designed it, he thought that the heavy ball on the right was farther away from the center of the wheel than the heavy ball on the left, and the wheel would rotate endlessly in the direction of the arrow under the action of imbalance on both sides, but the experimental results were negative. Leonardo da Vinci keenly concluded that perpetual motion was impossible. In fact, according to the principle of lever balance, in the above two designs, although each weight on the right has a great rotating effect on the wheel, the number of weights is small. Accurate calculation can prove that there will always be a suitable position, so that the opposite rotating action (torque) exerted by the weights on the left and right sides on the wheel is just equal, which cancels each other and makes the wheel balance and come to a standstill. The drop of flowing water can push the turbine to provide power to the outside. Can running water be used to design perpetual motion machines? 16 In the 1970s, Italian mechanic Steyr put forward the design scheme of perpetual motion machine. In his design, he thinks that the water flowing from the upper water tank will impact the rotation of the waterwheel. While driving the waterwheel to rotate, the waterwheel will drive the screw pump through a set of gears to lift the water in the reservoir to the upper water tank again. He believes that the whole device can continue to operate in this way and work effectively. In fact, less and less water flows back into the water tank, and soon all the water in the water tank flows into the reservoir below and the turbine stops running. Buoyancy is also a good helper in designing perpetual motion machines. It is a famous design scheme of buoyancy perpetual motion machine. A series of balls, wrapped around the upper and lower wheels, can rotate like a chain. Some balls on the right are put in a container full of water. The designer thinks that if there is no water container on the right and the number of balls on the left and right sides is equal, the chain will be balanced. However, now these balls on the right are immersed in the water and floated by the water, and they will be pushed up by the water, driving the whole string of balls to rotate around the upper and lower wheels. There is a ball on the water. There is a ball below, which passes through the bottom of the container and is added. Is it because it is technically difficult to let the ball below pass through the bottom of the container without water leaking out? Technical difficulty is not the main problem, but the principle of design. When the ball below passes through the bottom of the container, it bears the pressure of the water above, just like the bottom of the container, and because it is at the bottom of the water, the pressure is great. This downward pressure will counteract the buoyancy of the ball above, and the fluid power machine will not stay still forever. In addition, people also put forward various designs of perpetual motion machines that use the inertia of wheels, capillary action of thin tubes, electromagnetic force and so on to obtain effective power, but all failed without exception. In fact, in the design of all perpetual motion machines, we can always find a balanced position, where the forces just cancel each other out and there is no longer any driving force to make them move. All perpetual motion machines will inevitably stop at this equilibrium position and become unpowered. Since the Gothic era, there have been more and more such designs. During the17th century and18th century, people put forward various designs of perpetual motion machines, including "screw water pump", inertia of wheels, buoyancy or capillary action of water, repulsion between like poles, etc. The court gathered all kinds of scheme designers who tried to make money with this illusory invention. Both learned and uneducated people think perpetual motion is possible. This task attracts researchers like a mirage, but all these schemes ended in failure without exception. They have been wandering around the same place for several years, but they have not produced any results. Through constant practice and trial, people gradually realize that any machine that does work outside will consume energy. A machine cannot do work without consuming energy. At this time, some famous scientists, such as Stevin and Huygens, began to realize that it was impossible to make a perpetual motion machine by mechanical means.
Disillusionment of perpetual motion dream
/kloc-in the mid-9th century, a series of scientists made great contributions to correctly understand the relationship between thermal function transformation and other material motion forms, and soon discovered the great law of energy conservation and transformation. People realize that all substances in nature have energy, and energy has various forms, which can be transformed from one form to another, from one object to another, and the sum of energy remains unchanged in the process of transformation and transfer. The law of conservation and transformation of energy provides a more accurate and richer scientific basis for dialectical materialism. It effectively attacked the idealistic view that material movement can be created and destroyed at will, and completely broke the dream of perpetual motion. After all the attempts to make the first perpetual motion machine failed, some people dreamed of making another perpetual motion machine, hoping that it would not violate the first law of thermodynamics and be economical and convenient. For example, this kind of heat engine can directly absorb heat from the ocean or atmosphere and convert it into mechanical work. Because the energy of the ocean and atmosphere is inexhaustible, this kind of heat engine can work endlessly and is also a perpetual motion machine. However, the British physicist Kelvin put forward a new general principle in 185 1 on the basis of a lot of practical experience: it is impossible for a substance to absorb heat from a single heat source, so that it can completely become useful work without other influences. In this way, the second idea of perpetual motion machine also went bankrupt. The endless design schemes of perpetual motion machine all failed under the strict examination of science and the ruthless test of practice. 1775, the French Academy of Sciences announced that "undergraduate colleges will no longer review all designs related to perpetual motion machines". This shows that the scientific community has realized from the long-term accumulated experience that there is no hope of success in trying to create a perpetual motion machine. The idea of perpetual motion machine has lasted for hundreds of years in human history. Refuting this myth is not only beneficial to people's correct understanding of science, but also beneficial to people's correct understanding of the world. Energy can neither be produced nor disappeared out of thin air, but can only be transformed from one form to another, or from one object to another. In the process of transformation and transfer, the sum of energy remains the same, which is the law of conservation of energy, so the first perpetual motion machine cannot be made. The transformation and transfer of energy is directional, just as heat can be spontaneously transferred from a hot object to a cold object, but it cannot be spontaneously transferred from a cold object to a hot object without causing other changes, so the second type of perpetual motion machine cannot be made.
Enlightenment of perpetual motion machine
The failure of all kinds of perpetual motion machine design schemes and the disillusionment of perpetual motion machine's beautiful dream are a big blow to everyone who is looking for perpetual motion machine. However, reflecting on this failed exploration process will enlighten mankind from the opposite side. Some scientists began to think from this negative conclusion and put forward such a problem: perpetual motion machines can't be built. Does it mean that there is a law in nature that makes it impossible for us to get energy out of nothing? In other words, there is a certain transformation relationship between various energies in nature. Thinking in this aspect is one of the clues to establish the principle of energy transformation and conservation. H Helmholtz (182 1- 1894), a famous German physicist and physiologist, studied and discovered the principle of energy transformation and conservation from the fact that perpetual motion machine could not be realized. In his paper, he wrote: "In view of the failure of previous experiments, people no longer ask me how to create an eternal movement by using the known and unknown relationships between various natural forces, but what kind of relationships should exist between various natural forces if eternal movement is impossible?" /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the principles of energy transformation and conservation were generally recognized by the scientific community. This principle points out that all substances in nature have energy, corresponding to different forms of motion, and energy also has different forms, such as kinetic energy and potential energy of mechanical motion, internal energy of thermal motion, electromagnetic energy of electromagnetic motion, chemical energy of chemical motion and so on. They are represented by specific state parameters of various motion forms. When the form of exercise changes or the amount of exercise shifts, the energy also changes from one form to another, from one system to another. In the process of transformation and transfer, the total energy remains unchanged. There is also a wonderful fantasy that does not violate the principles of energy transformation and conservation. If all the heat energy in the air or seawater can be converted into the mechanical work we need by clever machines, it can become an inexhaustible energy source. The idea of inventing this machine is much smarter than the previous idea of generating energy out of thin air. If you can really invent this machine, there is another advantage. On the one hand, we can take out the heat energy in a thing to do work, and at the same time reduce the temperature of this thing. In this way, we can build some huge factories on the ocean, and use the heat energy in seawater to do all kinds of work, such as using it to generate electricity. A ship can use the heat in seawater to travel around the world without burning coal or oil. Isn't this a beautiful thing? This can be called the second perpetual motion machine, but it is also impossible to realize, because it violates the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics is an objective law proved by countless practices. It can be expressed as: "It is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat source and convert it into useful work without other functions." That is to say, the heat engine cannot have the efficiency of 100%. It is necessary to turn part of the heat absorbed from the high-temperature heat source into useful work, and at the same time put the other part into the low-temperature heat source. The failure experience of pursuing perpetual motion machine can give us two inspirations: first, the failure experience also has positive scientific research value, and the failure of various design schemes of perpetual motion machine has aroused people's reflection, stimulated the idea of energy transformation and conservation, and became one of the thinking clues to establish the principle of energy transformation and conservation; Secondly, we should act in accordance with scientific laws. People who pursue perpetual motion in history are not because they don't have a good wish, nor because they lack the spirit of studying hard, but because they have done work that violates objective laws. Before people know the law of energy transfer and transformation, we can only feel sorry for the failure of those efforts to seek perpetual motion machines. However, if anyone designs a perpetual motion machine today, he is stupid, violates the laws of science and will never succeed. When using nature, human beings must abide by the laws of nature, instead of developing perpetual motion machines that can never be realized.
Perpetual motion scam
Countless people in history are obsessed with the design and manufacture of perpetual motion machines. Before the establishment of the thermodynamic system, there were both scientists and speculators who hoped to become famous and rich. After the establishment of the thermodynamic system, in addition to the "folk scientists" who want to break the existing scientific system, more people who are committed to the design of perpetual motion machines are swindlers who make money in the name of perpetual motion machines. The famous perpetual motion scams in history are: △ automatic wheel scam: 17 14. In 2004, the German Mr. Filioud claimed to have invented a perpetual motion machine called an automatic wheel, which can rotate 60 revolutions per minute and lift an object of 16 kg to a very high height. When he announced the news and conducted a public experiment, it was famous all over Germany. 17 17 a polish governor inspected the room where the automatic wheels were placed and sent troops to guard the house. After 40 days, he found that the automatic wheel was still turning, and he issued an appraisal certificate to orpheus. Orpheus got a lot of money by exhibiting automatic wheels, and Russian Tsar Peter I even reached a purchase agreement with him worth 654.38 million+rubles. Finally, because orpheus's wife had an argument with the maid, the maid was angry and exposed it. It turned out that the automatic wheel was driven by a maid hidden in the wall of the room, and the whole incident was a scam. △ Wang Hongcheng scam: Wang Hongcheng, a native of Harbin, China, proposed a perpetual motion machine scheme in 1984. He used the perpetual motion machine designed by himself to drive his washing machine, electric fan and other equipment to run. Soon the scam was exposed. His model of perpetual motion machine is a motor driven by a hidden button cell, and the wires for the washing machine and the electric fan are hidden underground. 1998, Wang Hongcheng's other scam, "Changing water into oil", was exposed, and he himself was jailed. In addition, at the Paris Expo in the1980s, a "perpetual motion machine" was exhibited: this device is a big wheel that keeps turning. Visitors to the Expo are very curious about this perpetual motion machine and push the roulette wheel in the opposite direction to stop the roulette wheel from turning. The designer of this perpetual motion device just took advantage of the curiosity of the audience and asked them to turn the wheel backwards, wind up the perpetual motion device and maintain the operation of the device. In addition, Huang Wei, the former commander of the Kuomintang Army 12 Corps, was captured in the civil war of 1948 and sent to Kutokuhayashi War Criminals Management Office for "reform". During the release of 1975, he was very famous for devoting himself to developing perpetual motion machines in the institute, regardless of all opposition. Of course it ended in failure. Principle of perpetual motion machine. The magnetic force of perpetual motion machine is force. Do an experiment. Install a magnet at both ends of the stick. Put the stick on the shelf so that it can turn. Then install a magnet under the magnet, the one on the left makes the magnet run up, and the one on the right makes the magnet run down. We can design magnetic poles to achieve this movement. 1, the disillusionment of perpetual motion machine In history, many people tried to design a machine that could rotate endlessly and even do work continuously without consuming energy. This is what people call a perpetual motion machine. Although many people worked hard, it turns out that they all failed without exception. Perpetual motion machine is an illusion, which will never succeed, because it violates one of the most common laws of nature, namely the laws of energy transformation and conservation. As early as the15th century, the famous scientist Leonardo da Vinci put forward the view that perpetual motion machine is impossible. He once designed a runner, as shown in the figure, and a series of containers were installed on the edge of the runner, which contained some mercury. He thought that the movement of mercury in the container might make the runner rotate forever, but after careful study, he came to a negative conclusion. He realized from many similar design schemes that the attempt of perpetual motion machine was doomed to failure. He wrote: "The visionary of eternal movement! How futile your exploration is! Still go to be a gold digger! " However, in the hundreds of years after the15th century, the activities of making perpetual motion machines never stopped. For example, in the17th century, a prisoner named Marchis was imprisoned under the Tower of London in England. He made a rotating "perpetual motion machine", as shown in the picture. The diameter of the runner is 4.3 meters, and 40 steel balls, each weighing 23 kilograms, move along the outer side of the spoke wing to increase torque. When the wheel turns high, the steel ball will automatically roll to the center. It is said that he once performed this device to King Charles I of England. The king was very happy and pardoned him. In fact, this machine relies on inertia to maintain short-term movement. /kloc-a special mechanism was designed in the 0/9th century, as shown in the figure. Its arms can bend. There is a groove on the arm, and the ball rolls along the groove to the extended arm end, which increases the torque. Turning to the other side, the soft arm begins to bend and approach the shaft. The designer thinks that this can make the machine get torque. But what he didn't expect was that although the moment arm was shortened, the resistance increased and the runner could only stop in the same place. Archimedean spiral perpetual motion machine 168 1 year, the famous British doctor Vlad put forward a proposal to use archimedean spiral (pictured) to lift the water in the pool to a high place, and then let the rising water drive the turbine. The turbine can not only drive the waterwheel to do work, but also enable archimedean spiral to continuously lift water. If we go on like this, won't we have to worry about drought? At that time, many people responded to him, and various automatic turbines were put forward one after another, which led to a boom. Magnetic perpetual motion machine is about 1570. An Italian professor named Tesnier suggested that perpetual motion can be realized by the attraction of magnets. His design is shown in the picture. A is a magnet, and the iron ball C can be attracted by the magnet to roll up along the inclined plane, reach the upper E, fall from the small hole B, return through the curved surface BFC, and be attracted by the magnet again, so that the iron ball can continuously move along the spiral path. Probably he hadn't established Coulomb's law at that time, and he didn't know that the magnitude of magnetic force was inversely proportional to the square of distance. As long as he thinks carefully, his absurdity will be obvious at a glance. There are many similar examples, so I won't repeat them here. Just listing some names is enough to show how extensive and attractive this futile activity is. For example: surface tension perpetual motion machine, buoyancy perpetual motion machine, permanent magnet perpetual motion machine, automatic car, automatic washing machine, etc. While some people are keen on making perpetual motion machines, scientists have gradually realized the objective laws of nature from the study of basic mechanics theory. After Leonardo da Vinci, Steven wrote a book "Fundamentals of Statics" at 1568, in which when discussing the decomposition of forces on inclined planes, he clearly put forward the view that perpetual motion machines could not be realized. The illustration he used was painted on the title page of the book, as shown in the picture, which read: "Magic is not magic." Pass 14 small balls of equal weight evenly through the thread to form a ball chain connected end to end and put it on the inclined plane. He thinks that the endless movement of the chain is absurd, so both sides should be balanced. 1775, French scientists solemnly passed a resolution refusing to try perpetual motion machines. In the book History of the French Academy of Sciences, it is recorded as follows: "This year, the Academy of Sciences passed a resolution and decided to refuse to listen to the answers to the following questions: cubes, angles, squares with the same area as circles, and any machines that show eternal motion." And explained: "it is absolutely impossible to build a perpetual motion machine. Even if the friction and resistance in the middle do not destroy the original power, this power cannot produce the same effect as the cause;" If we imagine that power can work continuously, the effect will be infinitely small in a certain period of time. If the friction and resistance decrease, the initial motion tends to continue, but it cannot interact with other objects. Under this assumption (nature can't exist), the only possible eternal motion will not help to achieve the purpose of the perpetual motion builder. The disadvantage of these studies is that they are extremely expensive, which not only destroys a family, but also the technicians who can provide a lot of services to the public often waste their tools, time and intelligence. "However, even under such a clear warning from the French Academy of Sciences, the activity of creating perpetual motion machines has not yet converged. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the law of conservation of energy has been established. 186 1 year, a British engineer, Delks, collected a lot of information and wrote a book entitled 17 and 18 century perpetual motion machine, warning people not to dream of fame and good luck from the gift of perpetual motion machine. However, Delks' "warning words" failed to stop the perpetual motion machine from continuing to flood. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, someone in Pennsylvania, USA, tried to replace the hammer of the pendulum with a magnet, tried to replace the clockwork with a magnetic force, and thought that it could automatically maintain the swing without clockwork, but the result was in vain. In the 20th century, more complex and specious designs were put forward. For example, some people want to "invent" automatic cars, some people want to "create" automatic washing machines, some people want to make "automatic" pumps by using "molecular gravity" in water, and some people want to make generators simply by permanent magnets. Especially under the stimulation of the "energy crisis", such activities are increasing and emerging one after another. Another perpetual motion machine is often put forward, which is confusing. For example, in the 1980s of 19, an inventor in Washington, DC, designed a Zeromotor, in which liquid ammonia was used as a working substance to absorb heat from the surrounding environment, and ammonia changed from a liquid state to a gas state, generating a pressure of 4 atmospheres at 0℃, which could push the piston to do work, just as if no fuel was needed. He further explained that ammonia gas will be expanded and cooled after driving the piston, and will automatically condense in the container, so it can work circularly. 188 1 year, his design was supported by the chief engineer of the US Navy and praised by the government. Even the then president of the United States watched the design model with great interest. They may think that if this kind of engine is really successful, the American fleet will not need to add coal stations, and can get endless heat energy from the Wang Yang sea. However, as long as it is scientifically analyzed, it will be found that Gammy's design belongs to a single heat source heat engine, which violates the second law of thermodynamics and is the second kind of perpetual motion machine that cannot be realized. If the invention of perpetual motion machine is beneficial to mankind, it is that people can learn a lesson from it: all "creations" that violate natural laws such as energy transformation and conservation are doomed to failure. How do you feel after reading these stories about inventing perpetual motion machines? Scientific laws must not be violated, and if they are violated, they will hit a wall. Don't waste your energy!