Morse Code!
The earliest Morse code was dots and dashes representing numbers. Numbers correspond to words, and you need to look up a code table to know the number corresponding to each word. Use one key to hit points, strokes, and pauses in between.
Although Morse invented the telegraph, he lacked the relevant expertise. He signed an agreement with Alfred Weir to help him build more practical equipment. Alfred Weir conceived a scheme whereby each character and punctuation mark could be sent independently of the other through dots, dashes, and pauses in between. They reached an agreement and agreed to put this scheme of identifying different symbols into Morse's patent. This is now known as American Morse code, and it was used to transmit the world's first telegraph.
This code can be transmitted using a radio signal with a smooth and intermittent tone, usually called a continuous wave (Continuous Wave), abbreviated as CW. It could be an electrical pulse in a telegraph wire, or it could be a mechanical or visual signal (such as a flash of light).
Generally speaking, any encoding method that can represent written characters with variable-length signals can be called Morse code. But now the term is used to refer specifically to two types of Morse code that represent English letters and symbols: American Morse code, which was used in wired telegraph communication systems; and International Morse code, still in use today, uses only dots and dashes. (pause removed).
Telegraph companies charged according to the length of the letter to be sent. Commercial codes are carefully designed groups of five characters that are sent as one word. For example: BYOXO ("Are you trying to crawl out of it?"); LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"); AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). These five-character abbreviations can be sent individually using Morse code. In Internet lingo, we will also talk about some of the most commonly used commercial Morse codes. The Q abbreviations and Z abbreviations still used in amateur radio are: they were originally used to communicate information such as communication quality, frequency changes, telegram numbers, etc. between operators.
On January 8, 1838, Alfred Vail demonstrated a telegraph code using dots and dashes, the precursor to Morse code.
As an information encoding standard, Morse code has a long life that other encoding schemes cannot surpass. Morse code was used as an international standard in maritime communications until 1999. In 1997, when the French Navy stopped using Morse code, the last message sent was: "Attention everyone, this is our last cry before eternal silence"!
American Morse Code
As an actually extinct code, American Morse code uses different dots, dashes and unique intervals to represent numbers and words. elements and special symbols. This Morse code was designed primarily for transmission by ground operators over telegraph wires, rather than over radio waves.
This ancient, interlaced code was designed to match the way operators answered calls. Unlike today, where you can hear the tones of the code through loudspeakers or earphones, you could only hear the clicks from one of the mechanical generators of these earliest telegraph machines, or even from the send key: a key that did not send The signal is set to slave mode and is responsible for sound production.
Most of these operators worked for the railways or later Western Union telex and other services. Like many young people at that time, the teenage Edison was such an operator.
Modern International Morse Code
The International Morse Code is still used today, although it is almost entirely the preserve of amateur radio operators. Until 2003, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) regulated the acquisition of amateur radio licenses for Morse Code proficiency practitioners around the world. In some countries, some bands of amateur radio are still reserved only for sending Morse code signals.
Because Morse relies only on a smooth, unmodulated radio signal, its radio communication equipment is simpler than other methods, and it can be used in high-noise, low-signal environments. At the same time, it only requires a very narrow bandwidth and can also help two operators with different native languages ??to communicate who will encounter huge difficulties in traffic communication. It is also the most commonly used method in QRP.
In the United States, until 1991, in order to obtain an amateur radio certificate issued by the FCC allowing the use of high-frequency bands, one had to pass a Morse code transmission and reception test of five words per minute (WPM). Before 1999, a proficiency level of 20WPM was required to obtain the highest level of amateur radio certificate (extra category); on December 13, 1999, the FCC lowered this requirement for the additional category to 13WPM.
In 2003, the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC03, a biennial special meeting on frequency allocation hosted by ITU) decided to allow countries to choose whether to require Morse code in the management of amateur radio licenses. . While the requirement remains on paper in the United States and Canada, some other countries are preparing to remove it entirely.
Skilled amateurs and military operators can often receive (copy) Morse code at speeds above 40WPM. Although traditional telegraph keys are still used by many enthusiasts, semi-automatic and fully automatic electronic keys are more and more widely used today. Computer software is also often used to generate and decode Morse code radio signals.
Time control and representation methods
There are two "symbols" used to represent characters: dots and dashes, or Dit and Dah. The length of the dot determines the speed of transmission and is used as a reference for transmission time. The following is an illustration of time control:
-- --- *-* *** * / -*-* --- -** *
M O R S E (blank) C O D E
Here, - means stroke and * means dot. This is the exact sending time of the above message (= means there is a signal, . means there is no signal, each is one point in length):
===.===...===. ===.===...=.===.=...=.=.=...=...===.=.===.=... ===.===.===
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| Dash-dot| Word interval
Dot-dash interval character interval< /p>
A dash is generally three dots in length; the interval between dots and dashes is one dot; the interval between characters is three dots; and the interval between words is seven dots. length.
(Beginners are often taught to send characters with short, fast intervals between dots and dashes, and to exaggerate the intervals between symbols and words. In comparison, this method is easier to learn.
)
People who are familiar with Morse code often speak or spell like this (where the "long sound/Dah" is pronounced as "awe"):
-- -- - *-* *** * / -*-* --- -** *
DahDah DahDahDah DiDahDit DiDiDit Dit, DahDiDahDit DahDahDah DahDiDit Dit.
Letters
Letter encodingLetter encoding A*-N-*B-***O---C-*-*P*--*D-**Q--*-E*R*-*F** -*S***G--*T-H****U**-I**V***-J*---W*--K-*-X-**-L*-** Y-*--M--Z--**
Number 0 -----
1 *----
2 ** ---
3 ***--
4 ****-
5 *****
6 -****
7 --***
8 ---**
9 ----*Commonly used punctuation periods*-* -*-
Comma--**--
Question mark**--**
Long dash-***-
< p>Hyphen-****-Fraction line-**-*Special symbols (same symbol)
These are some combinations of dots and dashes with special meanings. They are used as two letters of Morse code concatenated into one, thus eliminating the intermediate time required to normally send them as two letters.
AR *-*-* Stop (end of message)
AS *-*** Wait
K -*- Invite to transmit signal (generally follow AR , meaning "it's your turn")
SK ***-*- Termination (end of contact)
BT -***- delimiter
These Not really the same symbol:
***-* (I will resend the last word)
** ** (same)
* ******* Error
Some extensions for non-English characters? *--*- *-*-
à *--*-
< p>é **-**ch ---- ---*
ü **--
" *-**-*
! **--*
Commonly used abbreviations
Abbreviations are different from the same symbol. Abbreviations retain the space between characters, and they are not connected. a use.
AA All after (used after question mark to request a repetition)
AB All before (similarly)
ARRL American Radio Relay League
< p>ABT AboutADS Address
AGN Again
ANT Antenna
BN All between
BUG Semiautomatic key
C Yes
CBA Callbook address
CFM Confirm
CLG Calling
CQ Calling any station< /p>
CUL See you later
CUZ Because
CW Continuous wave
CX Conditions
DE From
DX Distance (sometimes refers to long distance contact)
ES And
FB Fine business (Analogous to "OK")
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FER For
FREQ Frequency
GA Good afternoon or Go ahead (depending on context)
GE Good evening
GM Good morning
GND Ground (ground potential)
GUD Good
HI Laughter
HR Here
HV Have
LID Poor operator
MILS Milliamperes
NIL Nothing
NR Number
OB Old boy
OC Old chap
OM Old man (any male amateur radio operator is an OM)
OO Official Observer
OP Operator
OT Old timer
OTC Old timers club
OOTC Old timers club
PSE Please
PWR Power
QCWA Quarter Century Wireless Association
R I acknowledge or decimal point (depending on context)
RCVR Receiver
RPT Repeat or report (depending on context)
RST Signal report format (Readability-Signal Strength-Tone)
RTTY Radioteletype
RX Receive
SAE Self addre
ssed envelope
SASE Self addressed, stamped envelope
SED Said
SEZ Says
SIG Signal
SIGS Signals
SKED Schedule
SN Soon
SOS international distress call
SRI Sorry
STN Station
TEMP Temperature
TMW Tomorrow
TNX Thanks
TU Thank you
TX Transmit
U You
UR Your or you're (depending on context)
URS Yours
VY Very
WDS Words
p>WKD Worked
WL Will
WUD Would
WX Weather
XMTR Transmitter
XYL Wife
YL Young lady (used of any female)
73 Best regards
88 Love and kisses
Used in Morse code Conversation
For unmistakable communication using Morse code, only letters are needed. In order to make communication more efficient, there are many internationally accepted models.
This is an example of CW communication, occurring between station one (s1) and station two (s2):
s1:
CQ CQ CQ de s1 K
Call anyone (CQ), this is (de)s1, end (K).
s2:
s1 de s2 K
Call s1, this is s2, end
(Now the two radio stations have established communication Connected)
s1:
SK
Goodbye.
s2:
SK
Goodbye.
As an example, there is no conversation between the radio stations above. This is just a demonstration of a contact.