The crew of Bavaria consists of 1 158, including 32 officers, 4 trainees, 33 trainees, 1083 non-commissioned officers and sailors, 3 chefs and 3 orderlies. In addition, there are 1 54 reserve officers on board, and 1 18 mobile substitutes. When Baden was the flagship of the high seas fleet, there were117 people on board, including the fleet commander,17 officers and other personnel. In this way, the flagship Baden has 1, 393 people, and only the fleet commander has 1 independent cabin of about 60 square meters.
The Bavarian class is Germany's first battleship with a three-legged main mast. This is because the fighting distance at sea is getting bigger and bigger, and the position of observation post used to watch and correct the explosion point must also rise. Although the traditional single mast of German battleships has the advantages of simple structure and light weight, it is poor in vibration and damage resistance and easy to shake, so it is impossible to arrange more equipment on it. Britain has already started to equip battleships and battle cruiser with central fire control systems, and Germany has also requested to install similar systems for Bavaria. It is not difficult to imagine that the observation deck of the fire control system is much heavier than the platform that can only occupy a few watchmen, and it needs some armor protection and requires better stability. The Bavarian-class powerful tripod mast ensures that the observation post can be arranged at the top. The main mast steel pipe is 900 mm in diameter, the diagonal steel pipe is 800 mm in diameter, the waterline to the mast top is 66.02 meters high, the waterline to the antenna is 66 meters high, the observation post is 35 meters high and the truss is 32 meters high. Because the tripod mast covers a large area, the chimney has to move back 4.2 meters.
The length-width ratio of Bavarian class increased from 5.92 to 5.98, and the square coefficient also increased from 0.592 to 0.623. Although the Bavarian class is a follow-up ship of the King class, its firepower has increased from 10 305 mm guns to 8 380 mm guns at the cost of only 4.7 meters long and 0.5 meters wide, with a freeboard height of 0.5 meters and a displacement of 2,750 tons. Due to the short hull length, the Bavarian class has maintained the strong protection of the king class, and it has been strengthened in many parts. The 380 mm turret is twice as big as the 305 turret, so the gun base and additional bearing structure are specially strengthened. As the inventor of internal combustion engine, Germany is in the leading position in diesel engine technology in the world. Compared with the steam turbine, the propulsion device of diesel engine has a simple structure and does not need complicated auxiliary mechanical equipment such as main boiler, burner, condenser and working medium conveying pipeline, so it is more convenient to start and operate, and its lower fuel consumption rate can also make the ship gain greater endurance. Germany has tried to install diesel engines on several test ships and achieved certain success. And tried to officially install it on the king-class battleship (not realized). However, diesel engines cannot meet the unique tactical needs of battleships. If the central propeller is driven by a low-power diesel engine, it is necessary to equip both sides with more powerful steam turbines. Moreover, it is necessary to configure a gear transfer case between the three main shafts, so that the steam turbines on both sides can output power to the central propeller when the warship is heading at high speed. This will greatly increase the complexity of transmission equipment. Moreover, limited by the technical level at that time, the diesel engine with more than 2000 horsepower has no weight advantage over the steam turbine. 19 12 Germany's strongest diesel engine only has 2000 horsepower, while battleships need at least 12000 horsepower diesel engine propulsion device. In the end, the Bavarian class had to choose a single steam turbine power. Bavarian class has installed 14 Thorneycroft/Schulz small-diameter three-drum water-tube boilers, each of which is arranged in an independent watertight boiler cabin, and a boiler control room is arranged between the front oil-fired boiler cabin and the rear mixed-combustion cabin. Except for the three boilers in the front row, which are oil-fired boilers, the other 1 1 boilers are oil-coal mixed-fired boilers. Considering that the country is rich in coal resources and most of the oil depends on imports, the Germans have done this in the collocation of boilers. Each oil-fired boiler has three oil pumps, while the mixed-combustion boiler has only 1. The performance of the Bavarian-class ship boiler system is as follows: the working pressure is 16 atmospheric pressure, the total grate area is 1 16.6 square meters, the total heating area of the oil-coal mixed combustion furnace is 5830 square meters, the total heating area of the oil-fired furnace is 1833 square meters, and the total water supply for the highest and lowest liquid levels of the drum is/kloc-. Three of them were arranged in the cabin under the armored deck. In order to increase the natural suction of flue gas emission, send the flue gas to a higher place and reduce the pollution to the deck and superstructure, "Bavaria" arranged two chimneys with a height of 24 meters. It is worth mentioning that Bavarian class battleships have installed two sets of seawater desalination equipment. The equipment is boiler evaporation type, and each set consists of two evaporators, a water pump, 1 condenser and two drinking water filters. 1 unit is arranged in the cabin in the middle of the ship, surrounded by the boiler room, and the other 1 unit is installed at the rear of the stern turbine. The customized light consumption of a single equipment is 150 tons/day, which is enough for boiler water supply and drinking water for the crew on board, greatly improving the life comfort of the crew. But neither the Baltic nor the North Sea is wide. Coupled with the blockade of the British fleet, the Bavarian class has never had a chance to sail to the ocean. The German navy has been trapped in the port for a long time, and there has been no shortage of fresh water on board. Bavarian class battleships can carry 3,560 tons of coal, of which 1.740 tons is located under the side armor deck, 1.020 tons is located outside the longitudinal armor cabin, and the remaining 800 tons is located inside the longitudinal armor cabin. German designers believe that the bunker can be incorporated into the side ballistic protection system by surrounding the main gun ammunition and officers' living quarters, but it is not easy for the bunker, which is relatively far away from the boiler compartment, to quickly transport fuel to the boiler. There are 620 tons of heavy oil on board, which are arranged in independent double-deck oil tanks. Each side has a 1 low pressure oil pump with a working pressure of 2 kg. The endurance of warships is 5000 nautical miles/12, 4485 nautical miles/15, 3740 nautical miles/17 and 2390 nautical miles /2 1 respectively, which is more than enough for the German high seas fleet that has no requirements for ocean-going operations for the time being. Bavarian class battleships are equipped with three Parsons pulse gear reduction turbines, each of which includes a high-pressure, medium-pressure and low-pressure turbine, and is also used as a reversing device. Each unit is equipped with an independent condenser (heat exchange area1050m2), pressure circulating lubrication system, oil-air cooled radiator and other auxiliary devices. In order to improve the efficiency of medium pressure steam turbine, a steam expander is added between high and low pressure units. When the warship cruises, it bypasses the expander, sends the exhaust steam from the high-pressure unit and directly introduces it into the low-pressure unit to make full use of the steam energy. The total power of the power plant is 56,000 shaft horsepower, the maximum power15,600 shaft horsepower, and the spindle speed is 205 rpm. The engine room is carefully divided, each steam turbine is arranged in an independent watertight bulkhead, and the high and low pressure steam turbines are separated by partition walls.
The Bavarian class adopts the parallel propulsion mode of three shafts, three propellers and two rudders, with the starboard propeller turning right and the central and port propellers turning left. The propeller is a bronze three-blade propeller with a diameter of 3.88 meters. It should be noted that the high-efficiency radial unequal pitch design is adopted, with a micro pitch of 3.65 meters, a middle pitch of 3.5 meters and a propeller projection area of 7 square meters. The blade tip thickness of the propeller is 1 1mm, and the blade root thickness is 133mm. According to the research on Baden by British shipbuilders, the propulsion efficiency of German unequal pitch propellers is slightly lower than that of British common pitch propellers, and the weight is increased by about 1~ 1.5%, the propulsion efficiency of central propeller is 0.56, and that of side propeller is 0.6. The main shaft is installed on the battleship, that is, the wetted length of the main shaft outside the hull is shortened as much as possible, and the main shaft bracket outside the hull is cancelled to reduce the resistance. However, this design is proved to be not worth the loss, and the increase of hull wetted area brings greater friction resistance at low and medium speeds. And because the propeller is too close to the hull, the incoming flow is more chaotic, which affects the actual efficiency of the propeller. The speed of Bavarian stage is 2 1 knot when the spindle speed is 260 rpm.
The Bavarian class adopts a double main rudder control system, and the area of each rudder is 38.36 square meters. The included angle between the rudder shaft and the hull is 6 degrees, and the included angle between the rudder shaft and the horizontal plane is 12 degrees. Each rudder is powered by a steam engine and controlled by the steering room at the front of the rudder cabin through a worm and worm gear transmission mechanism. You can also turn manually in an emergency, but the actual operation is very difficult. The maximum rudder angle is 35 degrees, and it only takes 15 seconds for the rudder to hit the full rudder position from the positive rudder position. When the Bavarian class battleship turns at full rudder at the speed of 2 1 knot, the tactical turning radius is small, only 320 meters, which is conducive to occupying a place in the naval battle as soon as possible. Warships have good course control response ability. They start to turn within 50 meters at 2 1 pitch rudder angle of 35 degrees, and start to turn at a maximum delay of 100 meters at low speed. Because of the heavy weight and inertia of the ship, the steering lag is slower than that of light ships such as destroyers, and the steering requires high skills. For example, if a warship needs to turn right eight compass points, it needs to turn right three times at the steering wheel. When the warship approaches the scheduled course, it should quickly hit the left rudder to the end, and then quickly return to the rudder after the hull gradually stops turning, so as to avoid the warship turning too far or not in place. Only experienced operators can turn the rudder several times according to experience to control the course of warships quickly and accurately. If the warship gives the instruction of reversing at full speed, it only takes 1.5 minutes to complete the engine conversion, and the warship can stop at 780 meters.
The Bavarian class ship has three main anchors, each weighing 8380 kilograms, and the two starboard anchors on the port side of the bow are 1. Among them, No.2 anchor on the port side is an emergency anchor, which is fixed on the deck with a short anchor chain. In case of emergency, if the main anchor leaves the anchor, you can cut off the fixed rope and throw the anchor, but it takes some effort to get the emergency anchor back. The main anchor chain has a diameter of 750 mm, a length of 525 m and a total weight of 66740kg. There are 1 auxiliary anchors on both sides of the stern, weighing 4000 kg. The windlasses are all electric worm gear and worm type, which are operated directly on the deck working face. The turret of the twin main gun adopts the same hull as Queen Elizabeth, and two backpack layouts are symmetrically arranged in front and back. A sturdy tripod mast is designed, and a shooting director is set on the mast. Bavarian class pays attention to protection ability, and the horizontal and horizontal armor thickness exceeds that of Queen Elizabeth of the British Navy. The total armor weight is about 1000 tons more than that of Queen Elizabeth, and the protection range is more comprehensive. Worried that the crude oil in the Persian Gulf and Baku oil-producing areas would be monopolized by Britain and Russia in wartime, the power system of this class of ships all used coal-fired boilers (Saxony had planned to carry a diesel engine for cruising, but it was not completed).
There are 4 Bavarian class battleships of the same class: Bayern, Baden, Saxony and Wü rttemberg. After this class, the hull of the two ships, Saxony class and Wü rttemberg class, was slightly changed, and it was reported that they were listed as the first class (Saxony class) separately. The two ships did not complete disintegration in the early1920s.
19 16 When the Jutland naval battle broke out, the Bavarian, which was first completed, was still at sea. Later, in the Baltic War against Russia, the bow of the Bavarian ship was struck by lightning, and the torpedo room at the bow was flooded. After returning to Germany, the Bavarian ship cancelled the torpedo tube at the bow. After serving, Baden became the flagship of the German Navy's high seas fleet. After Germany's defeat and surrender, the Allies found that the Mackensen-class combat cruiser originally scheduled to be included in the detention list had not been completed, and decided to detain the Baden and be detained in Scarpa Bay together with the German fleet. 1965438+On June 2, 20091day, the German fleet sank collectively in operation Rainbow. The Bavarian sank to the bottom of the sea. The Baden was towed to the shore and ran aground, and was quickly salvaged. Sink at 192 1 as a target ship.
The hulls of "Saxony" and "Wü rttemberg" are 2.4 meters longer than their sister captains, and the central axis of "Saxony" is propelled by a diesel engine. The power of diesel engine is 10000 horsepower, the emergency power can reach 12000 horsepower, and the total weight of hybrid power unit is 2224 tons, which is nearly 200 tons more than that of full steam power. Because the diesel engine is higher than the steam turbine, the engine room of "Saxony" is 1 m higher than the other two engine rooms, and the side armor protection of the protruding part is increased by 80 mm. "Wü rttemberg" is going to thicken the outer armor of the stern rudder cabin to 200 mm. Both ships adopt the main turret design of 19 14, and the main guns are the largest. After the launch of "Saxony" and "Wü rttemberg", Germany became weaker and weaker on the land battlefield, while at sea it relied entirely on submarine warfare. The supply of large warship construction projects is often interrupted by submarines that start work urgently. Due to the shortage of steel production, the production plan of main armor plate can not be completed. The German Navy expected these two ships to be completed in the spring of 19 17, but it was not until the joint meeting between the Admiralty and the shipbuilding industry was held in June of 19 18 that it was found that the Bavarian-class follow-up ship project had too many problems and was basically in a state of suspension. Due to the hopeless service of the two ships, the German Navy changed seven 380mm main guns into coastal guns, and the diesel engines of the installed diesel generator sets were also removed and used as the main engines of U- 15 1 and U- 157 submarines. 19 18 in the first half of the year, "Saxony" and "Wü rttemberg" completely stopped working. At this time, the construction completion of the two ships has reached 10800 tons and 10930 tons, and the hull engineering completion rate has reached 90%. "Saxony" has completed four main gun races and some superstructure projects. After Germany surrendered, according to the Treaty of Versailles, the two ships were expelled by the German navy in19191.3, and were sold and disintegrated the following year. 192 1 year, Kiel demolished "Saxony" and Hamburg demolished "Wü rttemberg". 19 16 10 year 10/918 August, captain Victor Hadl 19 18 August-/.