(Figure) (One of the most advanced conventional submarines in the world-Australian Corinti An submarine)
A long time ago, people explored ships that could sail underwater. It is well documented that the first underwater ship in the world was invented by Dutch C. Drebbel in 1620. Drebbel is a physicist. He made a boat in England, with a wooden frame and leather outside. The top of the boat was oiled and the boat contained sheepskin. When water is injected into the bag, the boat will dive, and the water in the bag can be discharged from the boat at a depth of 3-5 meters, and the boat will float to the surface. The hull has paddle holes, 12 sailors paddle. This is the first human submarine in the world and the prototype of modern submarine. It successfully snorkelled in the Thames for two hours.
1775, the American War of Independence broke out. D. bushnell, an American, built a wooden-shell submarine "Turtle", with only one pilot and a hand-cranked propeller, which can stay underwater for about 30 minutes. 1776, the "turtle" sneaked under the hull of the British warship "Eagle" and tried to fix explosives to blow it up, but failed. This is the first attempt to attack an enemy ship with a submarine.
1863, France built the submarine "Diver", powered by a piston engine driven by compressed air in a compressed air bottle. This is the first mechanical submarine in the world. 188 1 year, john holland, an Irish-American, built a "Holland -II" submarine with 15 horsepower gasoline internal combustion engine, which was the first submarine powered by the internal combustion engine in the world. The submarine is also equipped with a torpedo, which has been successfully tested on the Hudson River. 1884, Russian engineer C·K· Vitiesky invented a submarine with a battery motor, which was also equipped with a periscope and an air regeneration system. Modern conventional power submarines use internal combustion engines when sailing on the surface and motors when sailing underwater. In terms of power plant, it was the inventions of Holland and Witsky that provided material conditions for the birth of modern submarines.
It is generally believed that the birth of modern submarines began with the design and construction of Nordfeldt-1 by Swede Nordfeldt and Englishman Galaydh. Submarine 188 1 start work, 1885 launch. It is powered by a steam engine, and when it is submerged, the boiler flameout is powered by residual steam. The boat is also equipped with a torpedo launcher. Nordfeldt- 1 was a relatively large and successful submarine at that time.
After the success of Holland -II, Holland made a more advanced Holland-III. This submarine adopts a dual propulsion system, which is powered by a gasoline internal combustion engine on the water and an underwater battery. The boat is flexible, easy to operate, equipped with multiple torpedoes and has strong attack power. In addition to using some oil, the later submarines were basically designed by the Netherlands. 1898, the us navy ordered six "Holland-III" submarines, forming the world's first submarine force. 1897, American S. Lake built the first double-hull submarine, and arranged a water tank between the two hulls to make the submarine dive and float.
At the beginning of the 20th century, submarines had certain combat capability. Before World War I, major naval countries owned 260 submarines. Most of these submarines use diesel internal combustion engine-motor dual propulsion system and double-layer or partial double-layer shell, and their speed and endurance have been obviously improved. At the beginning of World War I, submarines were put into naval battles. During the war, submarines sank 192 ships. The results of submarine attacks on maritime transport ships are even more remarkable. Germany alone sank more than130,000 tons of transport ships.
During the Second World War, the tactical and technical performance of submarines was greatly improved. The range of activities is almost all over the ocean. At the end of the war, the submarine was equipped with radar and homing torpedo, which greatly enhanced its attack capability. German submarines also used the snorkel invented by the Dutch for the first time, which greatly increased the submarine's underwater endurance and speed.
Nuclear submarine-referred to as nuclear submarine. Compared with conventional power submarines, the engine power and underwater speed of nuclear submarines have been greatly improved. More importantly, the underwater life and distance of nuclear submarines are almost infinite, while ordinary submarines must be underwater for a period of time before they can surface. In this sense, a nuclear submarine is a real submarine.
The world's first nuclear submarine was actively initiated, developed and built by American scientist hyman rickover. He is known as the "father of nuclear submarines". 1946, a group of scientists headed by Rickover began to study atomic reactors on warships. The following year, Rickover suggested to the US Navy and government to build a nuclear-powered submarine. 195 1 year, the us congress finally passed the resolution to build the first nuclear submarine. The Nautilus nuclear submarine1started manufacturing in June, 1952, and1started trial in June, 1955. By April of 1957, Nautilus had sailed in the front with or without refueling 1 10000 kilometers, most of which were underwater. 1In August, 958, Nautilus crossed the ice sheet of the Arctic Ocean from under the ice and sailed into the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean, completing a feat unimaginable for conventional power submarines. Later, the United States announced that it would no longer manufacture conventional power submarines in the future. Since then, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and China have successively built their own nuclear submarines.
Combat readiness missile submarine-a submarine that uses ship-borne nuclear missiles to carry out combat readiness nuclear attacks on important enemy targets on land. Most of them are nuclear-powered, and the main weapons are submarine-to-surface missiles equipped with self-defense torpedoes. Submarine, land-based missile and strategic bomber are the three pillars of China's nuclear deterrent and nuclear strike force, and they are the most concealed/unexpected.
Submarine-to-ground combat readiness missiles are divided into ballistic and cruise. The United States began to develop the "Tianshixing -I" cruise submarine missile from 1947. 195 1 successfully launched on submarines, 1955 formally equipped submarine forces, and the first batch of strategic missile submarines were born. 1In September, 955, the Soviet Union launched a ballistic missile modified from a land-based tactical missile on the water for the first time. 1958 launched the conventional Z-V ballistic missile for the first time, becoming the earliest submarine in the world. 1In July, 1960, the American nuclear submarine George Washington launched the Polaris A 1 submarine ballistic missile underwater for the first time, which was the first nuclear submarine with a combat readiness missile in the world. 1982 10, China successfully launched a launch vehicle into the scheduled sea area by submarine. This shows that China has its own submarines, ballistic missiles and submarines.
Aviation science and technology (first-class discipline); The above contents of aircraft (two disciplines) shall be examined and published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technical Terminology. The Wright brothers and the first plane (fixed-wing plane) in human history refer to planes heavier than air, with wings and one or more engines, which can fly in the atmosphere by their own power. Strictly speaking, an airplane refers to an aircraft with fixed wings. At the beginning of the 20th century, American Wright brothers made great contributions to the history of aircraft development in the world. 1903, the first manned plane "Voyager" 1 was built and successfully tested. Therefore, they won the honorary award of 1909 from the US Congress. In the same year, they established Wright Aircraft Company. Since the invention of the airplane, it has become an indispensable means of transportation for modern civilization. It profoundly changes and affects people's lives.