[Edit this paragraph] Physical and chemical properties
Density: The specific gravity is 0.788 at 25℃
Melting point: -94℃
Boiling point: 56.48℃
Saturated vapor pressure (kpa): 53.32 (39.5℃)
Refractive index 1.3588
Flash point:-17.78℃ (closed cup)
It is a colorless and transparent liquid with a special pungent smell.
Soluble in water and organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, ether, chloroform and pyridine.
Limit parameter: auto-ignition point: 465℃
Explosion limit: 2.6%~ 12.8%
Maximum explosion pressure: 87.3 N/cm2.
Most flammable concentration: 4.5
Maximum explosion pressure concentration: 6.3%
Minimum ignition energy: 1. 15 mJ (concentration: 4.97%)
Combustion calorific value: 1792 kJ/mol (liquid, 25℃)
Vapor pressure: 53.33 kPa (39.5 degrees Celsius)
Flammable, volatile and chemically active.
[Edit this paragraph] Molecular structure
C atoms on carbonyl groups in acetone molecules are bonded through sp2 hybrid orbitals, and methyl C atoms are bonded through sp3 hybrid orbitals [1].
Molecular formula: CH3COCH3,
Molecular weight: 58.08
[Edit this paragraph] Production method
There are mainly isopropanol method, cumene method, fermentation method, acetylene hydration method and propylene direct oxidation method. At present, the industrial production of acetone in the world is mainly cumene method. Two-thirds of acetone in the world is a by-product of phenol preparation and one of the products of cumene oxidation. At present, the main patent manufacturers of this technology are Kellogg Brown &; Root Company, Mitsui Chemical Company and UOP Company.
Shounuo Company developed a technology to produce phenol by oxidizing benzene with nitrogen oxides, but last year it cancelled its plan to build a factory with this technology because the gross profit level was too low. Recently, Japanese researchers have also developed a one-step process for producing phenol and acetone from benzene with Europium-titanium catalyst.
Preparation method: There are many ways to produce acetone. The ancient method was to neutralize the wood vinegar obtained by dry distillation with lime to make calcium acetate, and then to make acetone by thermal decomposition. The methods of synthesizing acetone studied in industry are as follows: (1) calcium acetate is obtained from acetic acid, and then decomposed into acetone; (2) Acetylene reacts with water vapor on zinc oxide catalyst to generate acetone; (3) ethanol vapor reacts at high temperature in the presence of zinc chromate catalyst to generate acetone; (4) The liquefied natural gas or naphtha is oxidized to acetone (oxidation products also include formaldehyde, acetic acid, butanol, etc.). ); (5) preparing acetone by oxidation or dehydrogenation of isopropanol; (6) preparing acetone from isopropanol and hydrogen peroxide; (7) synthesizing acetone from isopropanol and acrolein; (8) propylene and benzene are used as raw materials to prepare cumene, and then cumene hydroperoxide is obtained by air oxidation, and then acetone and phenol are obtained by decomposition with sulfuric acid or resin; (9) The process route of direct oxidation of propylene to acetone is similar to that of direct oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde; (10) p-cresol is produced by p-methyl cumyl hydroperoxide method, and acetone is the by-product; (1 1) diisopropylbenzene is used to produce hydroquinone, and the by-product is acetone. However, there are not many methods actually used in industry. At present, the production of acetone by grain fermentation in China still accounts for a large proportion. Cumene method is the main synthesis method. The mixture of acetone, butanol and ethanol was prepared from agricultural and sideline products containing starch by fermentation. The ratio of acetone to butanol is 32∶56∶ 12 to 25∶70∶3 (weight ratio). Every production of 1t acetone consumes about 1 1t starch or 60-66t waste molasses. Cumene method is the most economical method in acetone production route, and phenol is obtained at the same time. The ratio of phenol to acetone is 1: 0.6 (by weight). For phenol, the 654.38+100000 t-class plant consumes 590kg(90%) of propylene per ton of phenol.
[Edit this paragraph] Main purpose
It is mainly used as a solvent in industries such as explosives, plastics, rubber, fiber, tanning, grease and paint, and can also be used as an important raw material for synthesizing ketene, acetic anhydride, iodoform, polyisoprene rubber, methacrylic acid, methyl ester, chloroform and epoxy resin.
[Edit this paragraph] Toxicity
Acetone mainly inhibits and anesthetizes the central nervous system, and high concentration exposure may cause damage to the liver, kidney and pancreas of individuals. Because of its low toxicity and rapid metabolism and detoxification, acute poisoning rarely occurs under production conditions. Acute poisoning can cause vomiting, shortness of breath, convulsions and even coma. After oral administration, the lips and pharynx are burning, and after several hours of incubation, dry mouth, vomiting, lethargy, moderate acidosis and ketosis may occur, and even temporary disturbance of consciousness may occur. The long-term damage of acetone to human body is manifested as eye irritation symptoms such as tears, photophobia and corneal epithelial infiltration, as well as dizziness, burning sensation, throat irritation and cough.
1. Inhalation: the concentration below 500ppm has no effect; 500 ~ 1000ppm will irritate the nose and throat; At 1000 ppm, it will cause headache and dizziness. Dizziness, drunkenness, lethargy, nausea and vomiting may occur at 2000 ~ 10000 ppm, and high concentration may lead to unconsciousness, coma and death.
2. eye contact; The concentration of 500ppm will cause irritation, and 1000ppm will cause mild and temporary irritation. Liquid can produce toxic stimulation.
3, skin irritation: liquid will have mild irritation, and the risk caused by complete skin absorption is very small.
Oral; Irritating to the throat and stomach, taking a large amount will produce the same symptoms as inhalation.
4. Skin contact can lead to dryness, redness and chapping. Inhaling steam with the concentration of 1000ppm for 3 hours every day will stimulate the nasal cavity of workers who have been working for 7 ~ 15 years, making them dizzy and weak. High concentration of steam will affect the function of kidney and liver.
[Edit this paragraph] Fire prevention
Applicable fire extinguishing agents: chemical dry powder, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide.
Special hazards that may be encountered during fire fighting: acetone solution diluted with water may also burn.
Special fire extinguishing procedures:
1. Fire extinguishing with water is ineffective, but water spraying can be used to cool the container.
2. If the leaked material doesn't catch fire, spray water to disperse the steam.
3. Water spraying can flush the leakage area and dilute the leakage into a nonflammable mixture.
4. The steam may spread to a far place, and it will burn back if it touches the ignition source.
Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear NIOSH-certified portable respiratory protective equipment and full-body protective clothing when putting out fire.
[Edit this paragraph] Personal protection
1. Inhalation: If the vapor concentration is unknown or exceeds the exposure limit, wear a suitable respirator.
2. Skin: gloves, work clothes and work shoes should be used when necessary, and butyl rubber should be used as the material. There should be safe shower and eye washing equipment in the direct workplace.
3. Eyes: If necessary, wear chemical splash-proof glasses and a mask.
[Edit this paragraph] Emergency rescue
1. Inhalation: Leave the acetone source or move the patient to fresh air. If breathing stops, artificial respiration should be performed.
2. Eye contact: Open the eyelids and rinse the affected eyes with lukewarm and slowly flowing water for about 10 minutes.
3. Skin contact: Wash the affected area with warm water and slowly flowing water for at least 10 minute.
4, oral: rinse your mouth with water, do not induce vomiting, give the patient about 250ml of water.
5. All patients should seek medical treatment.
[Edit this paragraph] Storage and transportation
Store acetone in a sealed container in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place, away from heat sources, fire sources and taboo substances. All containers should be placed on the ground. 160kg/barrel or tanker
[Edit this paragraph] Safety and handling
Provide good ventilation equipment, protective clothing and breathing apparatus. Remove heat and fire sources. Leakage should be prevented or reduced. Absorb liquid with yellow sand or other absorbent. Waste can be burned in an approved solvent furnace or buried in a designated place, and comply with environmental protection laws and regulations.
[Edit this paragraph] Emergency treatment of leakage
Emergency action: eliminate all ignition sources. According to the influence area of liquid flow and vapor diffusion, the warning zone is defined, and irrelevant personnel are evacuated to safety from crosswind and upwind. It is suggested that emergency personnel wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and antistatic clothing. All equipment used during operation shall be grounded. Do not touch or cross the leak. Cut off the leakage source as much as possible. Prevent leakage from entering water bodies, sewers, basements or confined spaces. Small amount of leakage: absorbed by sand or other nonflammable substances. Use clean spark-free tools to collect absorbing materials. A large number of leaks: damming or digging holes to contain them. Absorb a lot of liquid with flying dust or lime powder. Covered with anti-dissolution foam to reduce evaporation. Spray can reduce evaporation, but it can't reduce the flammability of leakage in closed space. Use explosion-proof pump to transfer to tank car or special collector. Spray-like water dispels steam and dilutes liquid leakage.
[Edit this paragraph] Operation Disposal and Storage
Precautions for operation: closed operation and comprehensive ventilation. Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures. Operators are advised to wear filter gas masks (half masks), safety glasses, anti-static work clothes and rubber oil-resistant gloves. Stay away from kindling and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation system and equipment. Prevent the steam in the workplace from leaking into the air. Avoid contact with oxidants, reductants and alkalis. When filling, the flow rate should be controlled, and grounding devices should be provided to prevent static electricity accumulation. When handling, handle with care to prevent the packaging and containers from being damaged. Equipped with corresponding varieties and quantities of fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment. Empty containers may leave harmful substances behind.
Precautions for storage: Store in a cool and ventilated warehouse, away from fire and heat sources. The storage temperature shall not exceed 29℃, and the container shall be sealed. Should be stored separately from oxidant, reductant and alkali, and should not be mixed. Adopt explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. It is forbidden to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to generate sparks. The storage area should be equipped with emergency response equipment for leakage and suitable accommodation materials.
[Edit this paragraph] Contact Control/Personal Protection
Exposure limit:
MAC (mg/m3):-PC-TWA (mg/m3): 300
PC-STEL (mg/m3): 450 TLV-C (mg/m3):-
TLV-TWA (mg/m3): 500ppm TLV-STEL (mg/m3): 750ppm.
Monitoring method: solvent desorption-gas chromatography; Thermal desorption-gas chromatography.
Engineering control: the production process is closed and fully ventilated.
Respiratory system protection: Wear a filter gas mask (half mask) when the concentration in the air exceeds the standard.
Eye protection: Generally, special protection is not needed, and safety glasses can be worn when exposed to high concentration.
Physical protection: wear anti-static work clothes.
Hand protection: Wear rubber oil-resistant gloves.
Other protection: Smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Pay attention to personal hygiene. Avoid long-term repeated contact.