1, as raw materials and tools
Raw materials:?
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the main raw materials for producing glazes were minerals such as Metatag and Yingshi extracted from raw ore after crushing, with fluxes such as nitrate, pure gangue and borax, and colorants such as copper, cobalt and niobium. At present, the raw materials for producing glaze are all chemical raw materials, mainly quartz powder, feldspar, crystal powder, potassium nitrate, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and gold, with high purity.
Use tools:
Tweezers, hammers, chisels, scissors, blue guns, coal stoves, hooks, bletilla striata, electric furnaces, sinks, grinders, sandstone, Yellowstone, carbon, etc.
2. Process flow
The production process of cloisonne is a comprehensive art, and it is the crystallization of technical knowledge such as art, craft, carving, inlay, metallurgy and glass melting. The manufacturing process is fine and complicated, and it takes dozens of processes to complete. The main processes are design, tire making, thread clamping, blue lighting, blue burning, polishing and gold plating.
(1) design: including modeling design, pattern design, color map design, etc. Because the lines of cloisonne pattern are limited by tire type, silk technology and glaze color, they can't be too thin or too dense. Therefore, designers should not only have certain art knowledge and painting ability, but also be familiar with the production process of cloisonne and understand the performance of various raw materials, so as to fully consider the characteristics of the production process when creating ideas and make the whole product have a harmonious aesthetic feeling.
(2) Tire making: Whether the shape of cloisonne is beautiful depends first on the "tire making" process. Tire making is to cut the processed copper sheet according to the drawing, cut it into sectors or patterns of different sizes, and beat it into copper tires of different shapes with a hammer or a pressure plate. Take the bottle as an example, it is made of the bottle mouth, bottle body and bottle bottom by hammering, welding and welding. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were techniques of casting, stripping and drilling tires. With the development of technology, some green tires are turned over, pressed, rolled and turned by machinery, thus realizing mechanical tire making.
(3) Wire clamping and welding wire: The method of wire clamping is to clamp (break) the soft, flat and tough copper wire into various patterns according to the design draft, dip it in Bletilla striata paste and stick it on the copper tire. After that, the finished product is finished by welding, blue marking and gold plating. The technique of pinching silk is very clever. It is not easy for the author to knead a vivid picture with skillful skills. After liberation, the art of pinching silk has developed greatly.
(4) Blue-spot glaze burning: the matrix is pinched, welded, pickled, flattened and straightened. Then enter the point blue process. This method uses a blue gun (metal spatula) to fill the ground glaze in the gap between weavers, and then puts the blue ware in a high-temperature furnace to melt at 800℃. Generally, cloisonne should be burned three times, and polishing process should be burned at least two or three times.
(5) Polishing: commonly known as "grinding", it is the most bitter and tiring process in the whole production process. Divided into drilling, grinding, polishing and other processes. The first step is to smooth the surface glaze of the product higher than the filament with diamond sand to expose the filament; Then use Yellowstone to grind off the bright black silk on the glaze, and then use basswood charcoal dipped in water to polish it vertically and horizontally until the product emits uniform light.
(6) Gold plating: It is the last major process in the production of cloisonne. In order to prevent the product from oxidation and make it more durable and beautiful, a layer of gold is plated on the surface of the product. Hang the product in a gold bath, electrify it for gold plating, take it out after plating, rinse it with clear water, and then etch it with sawdust. After the whole process was completed, a glittering, elegant and dignified cloisonne handicraft was born.
Extended data
Cloisonne, known as enamel in history and "copper tire silk enamel" in technology, is a famous traditional special handicraft in Beijing. During the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty (1450- 1457), this technology was very mature, especially the blue glaze had a new breakthrough. The sapphire-like sapphire gave people noble and gorgeous artistic enjoyment, so it was named "cloisonne". Although there are various colors now, we still use this idiom.
The Modern Chinese Dictionary explains cloisonne as: "One of the special handicrafts in China, it is made of copper, which is kneaded into various patterns with copper wires, welded on a copper tire, filled with enamel glaze, and then fired. During the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty, Beijing began mass production, and most of the enamel was blue, so it was called cloisonne. " Ci Yuan is interpreted as: "Arts and crafts. The method is to paint enamel on the surface of bronze ware. Burn into various patterns. Silver lines are embedded around the pattern. Jingtai of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty is extremely fine, so it is called cloisonne.
Dongcheng District People's Government of Beijing-Enamel Factory