Common sense of sports meeting rescue 1. First aid knowledge of sports meeting
Methods to prevent cramps: 1. 2. Enough water and electrolyte should be added before, during and after long-term exercise.
3. Get enough minerals (such as calcium and magnesium) and electrolytes (such as potassium and sodium) in your daily diet. Minerals can be taken from milk, yogurt, green leafy vegetables and other foods, and electrolytes can be obtained from bananas, oranges, celery, natural foods or some low-sugar drinks.
4.*** Clothes that are too tight or too heavy are engaged in sports or work. 5. Check whether the protective stickers, jackets, shoes and socks are too tight before exercise.
6. Make full exercise preparation and stretching exercises before exercise. 7. Keep warm properly after exercise in cold weather. If you swim, put on your bathing suit and warm clothes immediately.
8. Engage in sports or work in a relaxed mood. 9. People who are prone to cramps when sleeping at night need to do some stretching exercises before going to bed, that is, stretching the cramping parts.
10. Don't exercise excessively. 1 1. Exercise the cramped muscles properly before exercise.
In the treatment of cramps, it can be divided into two parts, one is temporary treatment in acute phase, and the other is permanent treatment. In the acute phase, that is, when treating cramps, patients need to rest immediately and gently stretch the muscles in the cramps, because when you stretch muscles, the tension of tendons will increase. When the tension reaches a certain intensity, the nerve will send a pulse to the brain, and the brain will release information to relax the cramped muscles to avoid tendon injury.
Don't overstretch your muscles to avoid strain and secondary injury. Short-term muscle cramps can be treated in back in the game, but the possibility of recurrence is still high.
If the muscle cramp lasts for a long time, it can be relieved by hot or cold compress, or it is also effective to spray or rub some drugs or ointments that relax muscles and relieve pain locally. In case of cramp again, it is necessary to consider whether the muscles are overtired or dehydrated. The former must stop exercising and rest, while the latter needs to replenish water and electrolyte.
People who suffer from cramps should first know their own medical history, such as eating habits, the stress caused by daily exercise (work), the location of cramps, the weather conditions when cramps occur, and so on. Wrestling, free riding, or fencing athletes may have different causes of cramps, so the types of sports they engage in are also items that must be understood to find out the causes of cramps. After synthesizing all the knowledge, we can find out the causes of cramps and make preventive improvements for these reasons, so as to solve the problem of cramps.
If you have frequent cramps and can't find the cause, you should handle them carefully and see a doctor for a thorough examination, because cramps may be the symptoms of some vascular diseases, diabetes or nervous system diseases. What should I take when I meet an emergency patient? What is the handling method for safe transfer? What problems should I pay attention to on the way? These should be understood.
Generally speaking, for emergency patients, it is best to lie flat, so that the whole body can stretch and the upper and lower limbs can be straightened. Then make some appropriate adjustments according to different situations.
For example, in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, the head can be raised appropriately to reduce the blood flow to the head, and when in coma, the head can be tilted to one side, so that vomit or sputum can flow out and not be inhaled; For example, patients with traumatic bleeding in a state of shock can bow their heads appropriately; As for patients with heart failure and dyspnea, they can sit down and breathe more smoothly. When carrying the patient from the bed to the stretcher, the movements should be gentle and coordinated to minimize the fatigue and pain of the patient.
For all kinds of trauma patients, attention should be paid to the protection of the wound when moving, such as special support for broken limbs and stable back when spinal fracture occurs; For patients with head craniocerebral trauma, someone should specially wrap the head to avoid shaking. When carrying a stretcher up and down the stairs, try to keep a horizontal posture.
In the process of transportation, critically ill patients should pay close attention to the cleanliness of their breathing, pulse and unobstructed respiratory tract. When the weather is cold, pay attention to the patient's warmth. We can take local materials, cover the patient's body with a towel, coat or quilt, and let him rest quietly. If the clothes are wet, put on dry clothes as soon as possible. After arriving at the hospital, the patient's condition and treatment should be introduced for the doctor's reference.
What needs to be pointed out here is that try not to transport the sick and wounded with tractors. Because the noise of tractor is easy to cause cerebral cortex dysfunction, it can cause convulsions for patients with tetanus, encephalitis and pregnancy eclampsia.
There are many methods of artificial respiration, including mouth-to-mouth blowing, prone back pressing and supine chest pressing, but mouth-to-mouth blowing artificial respiration is the most convenient and effective. 1. Mouth-to-mouth or (nose) blowing method This method is simple and easy to master, and the gas exchange capacity is large, which is close to or equal to the amount of gas breathed by normal people.
It has a good effect on adults and children. Operation method: (1) The patient lies on his back, that is, his chest and abdomen face the sky.
(2) The rescuer stands on the side of his head, takes a deep breath by himself, and blows into the mouth of the injured person (the two mouths should be closed to avoid air leakage), causing inhalation. In order to prevent air from leaking from the nostrils, you can hold the nostrils with one hand at this time, then save the mouth, let go of the pinched nostrils, and press the chest with one hand to help exhale.
This is repeated 14- 16 times per minute. If the patient has severe oral trauma or closed teeth, he can blow into his nostrils (the mouth must be blocked), that is, blow from his mouth to his nose.
The strength of the rescuer's blowing depends on the specific situation of the patient. Generally speaking, it is most appropriate for the patient's chest to bulge slightly after blowing in air.
Mouth to mouth, if there is gauze. Then put a two-layer gauze or a thin handkerchief, but be careful not to affect the air in and out.
2. Prone back pressure method is widely used, but it is an ancient method in artificial respiration. Because the patient takes the prone position, the tongue can fall out slightly without blocking the respiratory tract, and the rescuer does not need to carry out special treatment on the tongue, which saves time (it is difficult to pull out and fix the tongue in a short time) and can carry out artificial respiration as soon as possible.
The ventilation rate is less than mouth-to-mouth blowing, but the success rate of rescue is higher than the following artificial respiration methods. At present, in the rescue of people who get an electric shock.
This method is often used at the scene when drowning. But this method is not suitable for pregnant women and people with chest and back fractures.
Operation method: (1) The injured person should lie prone in one position, that is, the chest and abdomen are attached to the ground, and the abdomen can be slightly padded.
2. The school sports meeting is in urgent need of first aid tips
1. The oral temperature exceeds 37.3℃, the underarm temperature exceeds 37℃, the rectal temperature exceeds 37.6℃, or the body temperature fluctuates above 65438 0℃ day and night.
Fever is generally divided into ultra-high fever (body temperature above 465438 0℃), high fever (above 38℃) and low fever (body temperature around 37-38℃). Fever lasting for 2-4 weeks is called long-term fever.
2. Rubber tourniquets and cloth tourniquets are mainly used for on-site first aid. Rubber tourniquet is a special kind of rubber tube, which can be replaced by rubber strip and bicycle inner tube on site.
When using, the tourniquet should be placed in the appropriate part of the limb, such as the upper arm 1/3; Lower limbs are placed in the middle and lower thighs 1/3. First put a towel, a mask and other soft cloth on the tourniquet to protect the skin.
The rescuer holds the head end of the tourniquet with the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of his left hand, then ties the rubber tube around the limb with his right hand and presses the head end, then puts the tail end held by his right hand between the forefinger and middle finger of his left hand, and pulls the tail end out of the tourniquet twice to make it a slipknot. If you need to loosen the tourniquet, just pull out the end.
Cloth tourniquet is a tourniquet made of bandage or cloth strip. In on-site first aid, towels and clothes can be torn into strips instead of bandages.
Wrap the cloth belt around the limb and fasten it. Insert a small wooden stick into the circle and tighten it. Observe the bleeding while twisting. When arterial bleeding has just stopped, the tightness is moderate. Then fix the stick with a piece of cloth.
The application method of tourniquet is simple, but the application principle is complicated. Only by mastering these principles accurately and applying them correctly can we save lives and limbs, otherwise it will lead to amputation and disability.
1. Before the tourniquet is tied, the injured limb should be raised to promote venous blood to return to the body, thus reducing blood loss. 2. The position of tourniquet should be as close to the bleeding site as possible under the premise of effective hemostasis.
However, it is forbidden to use a tourniquet in the middle of the upper arm, because there is a radial nerve passing through the surface of the humerus, and the compression of the tourniquet will cause damage to the radial nerve, and it is difficult to restore the function below the forearm in the future. 3. The tourniquet cannot be directly tied to the limb. The place where the tourniquet is prepared should be padded with soft cloth pads such as dressings and towels to protect the skin.
4. When making cloth tourniquets on the spot with towels, bandannas, etc. You have to fold them into strips about 5 cm wide first, so that the force is even. It is forbidden to use thin and inelastic articles such as metal wire, iron wire and string as tourniquets, because these articles not only have unsatisfactory hemostatic effect but also damage the skin, which will bring trouble to future treatment and rehabilitation.
5. When the tourniquet is fastened, the tightness should be just enough to inhibit arterial bleeding. Tightening the upper belt is easy to damage the skin, nerves, blood vessels and muscles at the tourniquet, and even cause necrosis of the distal limb, which is not conducive to the functional recovery of the affected limb in the future; The upper belt is loose, only the vein is pressed but not the artery, and the blood can only enter but not exit, which not only can not stop bleeding, but aggravate bleeding.
The criteria for the success of the upper band are that the bleeding of the distal artery stops, the arterial pulsation disappears and the extremity turns white. 6. The wounded with tourniquet should be clearly marked, and the wearing time should be clearly written near the tourniquet or on the skin.
To prevent ischemic necrosis of the injured limb, loosen the tourniquet 1 ~ 2 minutes every 40~60 minutes. When loosening the tourniquet, move slowly, and press the wound with your fingers to reduce bleeding. If the injured person's general condition is poor, the wound is large, and the amount of bleeding is large, the time interval for loosening the tourniquet can be appropriately extended.
However, the total use time of tourniquet should not exceed 5 hours, otherwise the distal limb will be difficult to survive. If the injured person is still on the way to the hospital for more than 9 hours, then the tourniquet will not be released regularly, because the distal limb has no possibility of survival.
Dead cells will release toxic substances such as potassium ions, myoglobin and peptides. If you let go of your limbs at this time, these toxic substances will flow into the whole body with veins, leading to poisoning, which can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden death.
Similarly, in the first aid of earthquake-stricken areas, if the injured limb is buried for too long and tissue necrosis occurs due to ischemia and hypoxia, in order to prevent toxins from flowing back to the whole body, a tourniquet should be quickly attached to the crushed limb, and then the crushed object should be taken out and sent to the hospital for further treatment. The most common problem of thermometer is whether it will cause poisoning after being broken.
Toxicity: Mercury vapor easily enters the human body through the respiratory tract to produce toxic effects. But it is not easily absorbed through the intact skin and digestive tract.
Mercury entering human body mainly causes central nervous system damage and stomatitis. Emergency treatment: after the thermometer is broken or bitten, first check whether the skin and mucosa are damaged.
There is no harm without damage, so there is no need for special treatment for contacts. For people with skin stab wounds, if mercury enters the skin, it needs to be treated in time, and the surgeon should be asked to debride.
If mercury enters the digestive tract, it generally does not need special treatment. Please write this question clearly, thank you.
5. Taboo in cold therapy: 1 When the blood circulation is not smooth, using cold will aggravate the blood circulation disorder and cause tissue degeneration and necrosis. 2, chronic inflammation or deep purulent lesions, using a cold can reduce local blood flow and hinder the absorption of inflammation.
3, tissue damage, rupture or open wounds do not need to be cold. Using cold will aggravate blood circulation disorder, aggravate tissue damage and affect wound healing.
4. cold therapy taboo parts (1) occipital part, auricle, scrotum (2) precordial area (3) abdomen (4) sole (6) oral sulfuric acid damage parts: can cause digestive tract burns. Severe burning pain in mouth, pharynx, sternum and abdomen, erosion of lips, mouth and pharynx, ulcer, hoarseness, dysphagia, vomiting, esophageal and gastric mucosa fragments and bloody stool may appear in vomit; Severe laryngeal edema or gastrointestinal perforation and kidney damage may occur.
Treatment: 1 avoid gastric lavage; 2 drink milk, egg white and aluminum hydroxide gel; Anti-shock: infusion, analgesia and prevention of esophageal stenosis. Strong alkali, sodium hydroxide, and concentrated ammonia water: it is not advisable for oral users to lavage their stomachs, especially those who have been taken orally for a period of time, to prevent gastric perforation.
You can use clean water first, and then take about 200ml of milk, protein or peanut oil orally. Sodium bicarbonate should not be taken orally to avoid producing carbon dioxide and increasing the risk of gastric perforation.
A large number of oral strong acids and on-site first aid were sent to the hospital for rescue.
3. The school sports meeting is in urgent need of first aid tips
1. The oral temperature exceeds 37.3℃, the underarm temperature exceeds 37℃, the rectal temperature exceeds 37.6℃, or the body temperature fluctuates above 65438 0℃ day and night.
Fever is generally divided into ultra-high fever (body temperature above 465438 0℃), high fever (above 38℃) and low fever (body temperature around 37-38℃). Fever lasting for 2-4 weeks is called long-term fever.
2. Rubber tourniquets and cloth tourniquets are mainly used for on-site first aid. Rubber tourniquet is a special kind of rubber tube, which can be replaced by rubber strip and bicycle inner tube on site.
When using, the tourniquet should be placed in the appropriate part of the limb, such as the upper arm 1/3; Lower limbs are placed in the middle and lower thighs 1/3. First put a towel, a mask and other soft cloth on the tourniquet to protect the skin.
The rescuer holds the head end of the tourniquet with the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of his left hand, then ties the rubber tube around the limb with his right hand and presses the head end, then puts the tail end held by his right hand between the forefinger and middle finger of his left hand, and pulls the tail end out of the tourniquet twice to make it a slipknot. If you need to loosen the tourniquet, just pull out the end.
Cloth tourniquet is a tourniquet made of bandage or cloth strip. In on-site first aid, towels and clothes can be torn into strips instead of bandages.
Wrap the cloth belt around the limb and fasten it. Insert a small wooden stick into the circle and tighten it. Observe the bleeding while twisting. When arterial bleeding has just stopped, the tightness is moderate. Then fix the stick with a piece of cloth.
The application method of tourniquet is simple, but the application principle is complicated. Only by mastering these principles accurately and applying them correctly can we save lives and limbs, otherwise it will lead to amputation and disability.
1. Before the tourniquet is tied, the injured limb should be raised to promote venous blood to return to the body, thus reducing blood loss. 2. The position of tourniquet should be as close to the bleeding site as possible under the premise of effective hemostasis.
However, it is forbidden to use a tourniquet in the middle of the upper arm, because there is a radial nerve passing through the surface of the humerus, and the compression of the tourniquet will cause damage to the radial nerve, and it is difficult to restore the function below the forearm in the future. 3. The tourniquet cannot be directly tied to the limb. The place where the tourniquet is prepared should be padded with soft cloth pads such as dressings and towels to protect the skin.
4. When making cloth tourniquets on the spot with towels, bandannas, etc. You have to fold them into strips about 5 cm wide first, so that the force is even. It is forbidden to use thin and inelastic articles such as metal wire, iron wire and string as tourniquets, because these articles not only have unsatisfactory hemostatic effect but also damage the skin, which will bring trouble to future treatment and rehabilitation.
5. When the tourniquet is fastened, the tightness should be just enough to inhibit arterial bleeding. Tightening the upper belt is easy to damage the skin, nerves, blood vessels and muscles at the tourniquet, and even cause necrosis of the distal limb, which is not conducive to the functional recovery of the affected limb in the future; The upper belt is loose, only the vein is pressed but not the artery, and the blood can only enter but not exit, which not only can not stop bleeding, but aggravate bleeding.
The criteria for the success of the upper band are that the bleeding of the distal artery stops, the arterial pulsation disappears and the extremity turns white. 6. The wounded with tourniquet should be clearly marked, and the wearing time should be clearly written near the tourniquet or on the skin.
To prevent ischemic necrosis of the injured limb, loosen the tourniquet 1 ~ 2 minutes every 40~60 minutes. When loosening the tourniquet, move slowly, and press the wound with your fingers to reduce bleeding. If the injured person's general condition is poor, the wound is large, and the amount of bleeding is large, the time interval for loosening the tourniquet can be appropriately extended.
However, the total use time of tourniquet should not exceed 5 hours, otherwise the distal limb will be difficult to survive. If the injured person is still on the way to the hospital for more than 9 hours, then the tourniquet will not be released regularly, because the distal limb has no possibility of survival.
Dead cells will release toxic substances such as potassium ions, myoglobin and peptides. If you let go of your limbs at this time, these toxic substances will flow into the whole body with veins, leading to poisoning, which can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden death.
Similarly, in the first aid of earthquake-stricken areas, if the injured limb is buried for too long and tissue necrosis occurs due to ischemia and hypoxia, in order to prevent toxins from flowing back to the whole body, a tourniquet should be quickly attached to the crushed limb, and then the crushed object should be taken out and sent to the hospital for further treatment. The most common problem of thermometer is whether it will cause poisoning after being broken.
Toxicity: Mercury vapor easily enters the human body through the respiratory tract to produce toxic effects. But it is not easily absorbed through the intact skin and digestive tract.
Mercury entering human body mainly causes central nervous system damage and stomatitis. Emergency treatment: after the thermometer is broken or bitten, first check whether the skin and mucosa are damaged.
There is no harm without damage, so there is no need for special treatment for contacts. For people with skin stab wounds, if mercury enters the skin, it needs to be treated in time, and the surgeon should be asked to debride.
If mercury enters the digestive tract, it generally does not need special treatment. Please write this question clearly, thank you.
5. Taboo in cold therapy: 1 When the blood circulation is not smooth, using cold will aggravate the blood circulation disorder and cause tissue degeneration and necrosis. 2, chronic inflammation or deep purulent lesions, using a cold can reduce local blood flow and hinder the absorption of inflammation.
3, tissue damage, rupture or open wounds do not need to be cold. Using cold will aggravate blood circulation disorder, aggravate tissue damage and affect wound healing.
4. cold therapy taboo parts (1) occipital part, auricle, scrotum (2) precordial area (3) abdomen (4) sole (6) oral sulfuric acid damage parts: can cause digestive tract burns. Severe burning pain in mouth, pharynx, sternum and abdomen, erosion of lips, mouth and pharynx, ulcer, hoarseness, dysphagia, vomiting, esophageal and gastric mucosa fragments and bloody stool may appear in vomit; Severe laryngeal edema or gastrointestinal perforation and kidney damage may occur.
Treatment: 1 avoid gastric lavage; 2 drink milk, egg white and aluminum hydroxide gel; Anti-shock: infusion, analgesia and prevention of esophageal stenosis. Strong alkali, sodium hydroxide, and concentrated ammonia water: it is not advisable for oral users to lavage their stomachs, especially those who have been taken orally for a period of time, to prevent gastric perforation.
You can use clean water first, and then take about 200ml of milk, protein or peanut oil orally. Sodium bicarbonate should not be taken orally to avoid producing carbon dioxide and increasing the risk of gastric perforation.
A large number of oral strong acids and on-site first aid were sent to the hospital for rescue.
4. Medical knowledge of sports meeting, first aid and first aid
1, you can use a band-aid, because the band-aid can prevent bacteria from being infected again after being washed away by alcohol.
2. If you don't go to the hospital, you must first make sure that you can change the medicine aseptically. You should buy several disposable sterile dressing change bowls, a bottle of iodophor, several disposable dressing change forceps and several sterile cotton balls before the expiration of high-pressure disinfection, otherwise it will be useless, or add several rolls of sterile gauze and bandages. When changing, first pour some iodophor into the dressing bowl, then soak some cotton balls, then soak some gauze, and disinfect with cotton balls first. In addition, oral antibiotics can be used to treat second-generation cephalosporin 3, iodophor, cotton ball, gauze bandage and cephalosporin 4. If you sweat a lot after running, drink some salt water as long as it doesn't feel particularly salty. There are no strict rules. If hypoglycemia occurs after running, you can put some glucose, and the proportion is not strict. I hope it helps you.
5. Some simple first aid skills.
First aid knowledge Outdoor sports injuries are inevitable, but if handled properly, the consequences of injuries can be alleviated.
I hereby sort out the handwriting of emergency personnel when they study. I hope I can help you.
How to stop bleeding urgently is the main cause of early death after trauma, so blood is an important material guarantee to maintain life. Adults' blood accounts for about 8% of their own weight, and a person weighing 50 kg has about 4000 ml of blood.
When traumatic bleeding occurs, when the blood loss reaches more than 20% of the total blood volume, obvious shock symptoms appear. When the blood loss reaches 40% of the total blood volume, it is life-threatening.
First of all, emergency hemostasis measures should be taken to prevent shock or even death caused by massive hemorrhage. Therefore, judging the nature of bleeding has certain guiding significance for rescue.
(a) Classifying the characteristics of bleeding according to the nature of injured blood vessels; 1, arterial bleeding: the blood is bright red, and it is dangerous to spray blood from the wound. 2, venous bleeding: blood is dark red, blood continues to flow out.
3, capillary bleeding: the blood is bright red, and the blood oozes from the whole wound, which is less dangerous. (2) The types of bleeding are classified according to different bleeding sites: 1. External bleeding: blood flows out of the body from the skin injury, and bleeding can be seen.
2. Internal bleeding: deep tissues and internal organs are damaged, blood flows into tissues or internal organs and body cavities from ruptured blood vessels, and no blood can be seen on the body surface. (3) Manifestations of blood loss When the blood loss reaches more than 20% of the whole body blood volume, there will be shock symptoms: pale face, blue lips, cold sweat, cold limbs, fidgety or indifferent expression, slow response, shortness of breath, palpitation, shortness of breath, weak or invisible pulse, no drop in blood pressure or no measurement.
(4) Hemostasis method 1. Finger pressure hemostasis (compression hemostasis): press the arterial blood vessels on the bone above the wound (near the heart end) with your fingers to stop blood circulation and achieve the purpose of hemostasis. Finger pressure hemostasis is a quick and effective temporary hemostasis method. After hemostasis, other hemostasis methods should be used immediately.
① Temporal artery hemostasis: press the mandibular joint slightly above the tragus with thumb or forefinger. It is used for bleeding in the scalp and temporal region (figure 1- 1).
② Hemostasis of external mandibular artery: press the external mandibular artery about half an inch before the mandibular angle with thumb or forefinger. Used for bleeding on cheeks and face.
③ Hemostasis of common carotid artery: Put thumb or other four fingers into the groove between the lateral trachea (thyroid soft muscle) and the anterior edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle, touch the common carotid artery, and press the injured common carotid artery behind the neck to stop bleeding. For head and neck bleeding.
This method cannot be used unless it is urgent. It is forbidden to compress bilateral common carotid arteries at the same time to prevent cerebral ischemia coma.
④ Hemostasis of subclavian artery: the thumb touches the pulse of the artery at the supraclavicular recess, the other four fingers are placed behind the neck of the injured person, and the thumb is pressed down to the recess, and the arterial blood vessels are pressed to the first rib in the depth to stop bleeding. Used for underarm, shoulder and upper limb bleeding.
⑤ Hemostasis of ulnar and radial artery: Lift the injured arm and press the internal and external pulsation points (ulnar and radial artery) above the wrist striation with both thumbs to stop bleeding. Hand bleeding.
⑥ Hemostasis of brachial artery: Turn the upper limb abduction outward, bend the elbow to raise the upper limb, place the thumb or four fingers at the medial groove of the biceps brachii of the upper arm, and press the brachial artery on the humerus to stop bleeding. For hand, forearm and lower arm bleeding.
⑦ Femoral artery hemostasis: You can touch a strong beating point (femoral artery) at the thigh root slightly below the groin midpoint, overlap your thumbs with both hands, and stop bleeding by gravity. Used for arterial bleeding of thighs, calves and feet.
(8) Dorsal artery of foot and posterior tibial artery for hemostasis: press the middle part of dorsum of foot close to ankle (dorsal artery of foot) and between medial heel and medial ankle (posterior tibial artery) respectively for hemostasis. Used for foot bleeding.
Pet-name ruby digital artery hemostasis: lift the injured finger and press both sides of the root of the injured finger with the thumb and forefinger of the healthy side. Suitable for self-rescue of finger bleeding.
2. Pressure bandaging to stop bleeding: first cover the wound with sterile gauze pad, then fold it into a pad with cotton balls, gauze rolls or towels and hats, put it on the wound dressing, and then tightly bandage it with triangle towel or bandage to achieve the purpose of stopping bleeding. This method is forbidden when the wound has broken bones.
For arterioles, veins and capillaries to the blood. 3. Pad flexion to stop bleeding: ① Bleeding of forearm or calf, you can put gauze pad, cotton ball, towel or clothes in elbow fossa or popliteal fossa to flex the joint, and tie the flexed liver tightly with triangular towel or bandage.
② If the upper arm bleeds, pad the underarm to bend the forearm to the chest, and fix the upper arm tightly to the chest with a triangle towel or bandage (Figure 1- 12). ③ When the thigh bleeds, pad the root of the thigh, bend the hip joint and knee joint, and fix the leg tightly on the body with a triangle towel or a long belt.
Precautions: limbs with fractures and suspected fractures or joint injuries should not be stopped with padded limbs to avoid dislocation and severe pain at the fracture end. When using, always pay attention to the blood circulation at the distal end of the limb. If the blood circulation is completely blocked, slowly loosen it every hour or so, and observe it for 3-5 minutes to prevent limb ring death.
4, tourniquet hemostasis: used for bleeding of the larger arteries of the limbs. Tourniquet can only be used when other methods can't stop bleeding or the injured limb can't recover.
Because tourniquet is easy to cause limb disability, you should be especially careful when using it. There are two kinds of tourniquets: rubber tourniquets and cloth tourniquets. If you don't have a tourniquet, you can use a wide bandage, triangle towel or other cloth instead for emergency use.
① Rubber tourniquet to stop bleeding: first pad the wound part (upper part of the wound) with gauze, towel or clothes of the injured person, then hold one end of the tourniquet with the thumb, food and middle finger of the left hand, tighten the tourniquet with the other hand, wrap it around the limb twice, put one end of the tourniquet between the index finger and middle finger of the left hand, and pull it back and fix it. (2) Tightening stool materials to stop bleeding: In the absence of a tourniquet, you can use ready-made materials at hand, such as triangular towels, bandages, handkerchiefs and cloth. Fold it into a strip and wrap it around the upper part of the wound (near the heart end). Cushion the wound, and then stick it hard.
Wear a short stick in or under the knot, rotate the short stick to tighten the band until there is no bleeding, and fix the short stick on the limb (Figure 1- 15). ③ Precautions for tourniquet hemostasis: tourniquet hemostasis is an important means to save lives when great blood vessels are injured. However, if it is not used properly, serious complications may occur, such as ischemic death of limbs and acute kidney.
6. Athletes' first aid knowledge: What are the causes of calf cramps?
Cramp is called muscle spasm in sports physiology, which refers to the involuntary contraction of muscles. In physical exercise, the muscle that is most prone to spasm is the calf gastrocnemius.
Causes of athlete's calf cramp;
(1) Excessive salt loss in the body. During strenuous exercise, the body loses too much salt due to excessive sweating, which destroys the electrolytic balance in the body. Because the content of sodium chloride in the body is too low, the excitability of muscles and nerves increases and muscle spasms occur.
(2) Dysfunction of muscle contraction and relaxation. In the process of exercise, due to the rapid and continuous contraction of muscles, the relaxation time is too short, which destroys the coordinated relationship between muscle contraction and relaxation alternately and causes muscle spasm. This kind of contraction is strong, and spasms that inhibit relaxation are more likely to occur when muscles are tired.
(3) cold * *. When doing sports in a cold environment, muscle spasms often occur if the muscles are exposed to the cold without adequate preparation.
When muscle spasms, local muscles are hard or swollen, and the pain is severe, which is not easy to relieve for a while. After some relief, they still feel uncomfortable and tend to twitch again.
When muscle spasm occurs, the spasmodic muscles can be relaxed and the pain can be eliminated by slowly exerting force and continuously pulling. When the calf cramps, you can lie flat on the ground, grab the forefoot with the other hand, straighten the knee joint and pull hard; You can also lie on your back or supine, straighten your knees, hold your feet against your abdomen with your partner's hands, lean forward with moderate force, push your instep back slowly with your partner's hands, and push, knead and pinch calf muscles at the same time, which can relieve spasm.