Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 52 years ago, especially since the reform and opening up, our country's scientific and technological undertakings have made brilliant achievements. 1． A relatively complete scientific research and technology development system has been formed, and the overall level of scientific and technological development ranks among the top among developing countries. In 2000, the total domestic expenditure on scientific research and experimental development (R&D) was 89.6 billion yuan, accounting for 1.0% of the gross domestic product (GDP) that year, ranking among the forefront of developing countries. Among the total R&D expenditures, basic research accounts for 5.2%; applied research accounts for 17.0%; experimental development accounts for 77.8%. Among them, various types of enterprise expenditures accounted for 60.3% of the total domestic R&D expenditures, which is close to the level of developed countries, indicating that enterprises have gradually become the main body of my country's R&D activities. At present, 217 national key laboratories (including 60 key laboratories of national defense science and technology), 188 national engineering centers, and 294 certified national enterprise technology centers have been established; the number of Chinese scientific and technological papers collected by international authoritative retrieval agencies is 44,536. , the number of patents granted to domestic residents was 92,101, including 3,097 invention patents. In 2000, the export value of high-tech products was US$24.7 billion; the total revenue from technology, industry and trade in the 53 national-level high-tech development zones was 677.48 billion yuan, and the industrial added value was 147.62 billion yuan. 2. The reform of the science and technology system has made breakthrough progress, and the staged goals for the reform of the science and technology system set by the state have been basically achieved. The strategic focus of science and technology work is shifting to the main battlefield of national economic construction. The scientific and technological strength of enterprises has been further strengthened. 242 national-level technology development research institutes have basically completed the transformation work. The operations of most scientific research institutions are directly oriented to market demand. Knowledge innovation project pilots Initial results have been achieved. The reform of the management system of universities has been basically completed, and scientific and technological resources have been optimally allocated. Private science and technology enterprises have risen rapidly, and the technology market has developed rapidly. The macro science and technology management system has gradually been improved, and a new science and technology system adapted to the socialist market economy has been initially formed. National innovation The construction of the system is gradually underway. 3． Achieve results in the field of basic scientific research. Significant results have been achieved in human gene sequencing, carbon nanotubes and new nanomaterials, research on the Cambrian explosion of life, research on micro-electromechanical systems, and ocean drilling in the South China Sea. Emerging interdisciplinary disciplines such as surface science, nonlinear science, cognitive science, and earth system science have developed rapidly. The construction of eight major national scientific projects, including the China Mainland Scientific Drilling Project and the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Astronomical Telescope, has created good conditions for my country's basic scientific research. 4. Breakthroughs have been made in high-tech research and industrialization. Major breakthroughs have been made in high-tech aerospace technologies such as manned space technology, launch vehicle and satellite technology. Breakthroughs in technologies such as two-line hybrid rice, genetically engineered drugs, genetically modified animals and plants, and gene sequencing and diagnosis and treatment of major diseases have brought my country's overall biotechnology level close to that of developed countries. The achievement of major achievements such as high-definition television, "Shenwei" computers, large-size single crystal silicon materials, and skin stem cell regeneration technology has enabled my country to leap into the world's advanced ranks in corresponding fields. The development of national defense science and technology has laid a solid foundation for enhancing national defense strength and promoted the technological progress of the national defense industry. 5. Industrial and agricultural science and technology made progress. In terms of agricultural science and technology, during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period alone, more than 600 new varieties were developed, and the yield per unit area increased by about 10%. The promotion of major technologies such as rice dry-breeding and sparse planting and water-saving technology, ABT plant regulator and wheat dryland full-growth period mulching cultivation have effectively guaranteed the realization of my country's goal of increasing grain production. Industrial science and technology has achieved several major technological breakthroughs and improved the technological level of key industries. A series of major achievements have been made in the industrialization of digital program-controlled switches, oxygen-coal enhanced iron-making technology, nickel-metal hydride batteries, amorphous materials, etc. Combined with a series of major national construction projects such as the Three Gorges Project, national economic informatization, integrated circuits, and Taishan Nuclear Power Plant Phase II, through the introduction, digestion, absorption, and innovation, we have conquered a number of key technologies and mastered the design and manufacturing of several major complete sets of technical equipment. technology. The promotion and application of a number of major revolutionary technologies such as computer-aided design (CAD) and computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) have greatly improved the company's technological innovation capabilities. The implementation of a number of major projects such as innovative drugs, water resources utilization and protection, well-off housing, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty projects, the second phase of the China Science and Technology Museum and the construction of a number of science popularization facilities have contributed to the development of social undertakings.
Major achievements in the development of science and technology in my country (1) Background materials 1. Huge achievements in human genetic research (1) On December 1, 1999, a research team composed of scientists from the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and other countries announced that they had decoded the first pair of human chromosome genetic codes, which was another major breakthrough in the field of human science. . The Human Genome Project is one of the three major scientific projects in human history, as famous as the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project and the Apollo Moon Landing Project, but its value and impact on human society will far exceed the first two projects. (2) On June 26, 2000, the first draft genome in human history was finally completed. Chinese scientists participated in and completed the 1% sequencing task of drafting the human genome with high quality, indicating that Chinese scientists have the ability to rise to the top. International scientific frontiers and made important contributions. (3) On February 12, 2000, scientists from six countries participating in the Human Genome Project jointly announced the human genome map and its analysis results. The completed map of the human genome will be drawn this year. Draw a complete human genome map and decipher all human genetic information. The implementation of this plan will provide support for the diagnosis and prevention of human diseases, bring immeasurable changes to the pharmaceutical industry, and promote the development of life sciences, information science and a number of high-tech industries. 2. Aerospace technology develops rapidly (1) On December 21, 2000, the second "Beidou Navigation Test Satellite" independently developed by my country was successfully launched. It was the same as the first "Beidou Navigation Test Satellite" launched on October 31, 2000. Together they form the "Beidou Navigation System". This marks that our country will have the first-generation satellite navigation and positioning system independently developed. After this system is completed, it will mainly provide navigation services for highway transportation, railway transportation, maritime operations and other fields, and will play a positive role in the construction of our national economy. (2) On January 10, 2001, my country's self-developed "Shenzhou 2" was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China and successfully entered its intended orbit. On January 16, the "Shenzhou-2" unmanned spacecraft accurately returned and landed successfully. This is the first launch of China Aerospace in the new century and the second flight test of my country's manned space project. It marks an important step towards the realization of manned flight in my country. 3． Consistent achievements have been made in the field of nanotechnology. Chinese scientists are at the forefront of international science and technology in nanotechnology research. Recently, for the first time in the world, Chinese scientists directly discovered the "exotic" property of nanometals - superplastic ductility. Nanocopper can stretch more than 50 times at room temperature without bending, which is known as "a first in this field". Breakthrough, it shows for the first time how void-free nanomaterials deform." Overall, my country currently ranks fourth in the world in terms of total number of nano-related papers, and has occupied a place internationally in nanomaterial research. 4. Intelligent supercomputer On November 29, 2000, my country's first independently developed humanoid robot with human appearance characteristics that can simulate human walking and basic operating functions made its debut at the Changsha National University of Defense Technology. The advent of humanoid robots marks that my country's robotics technology has entered the international advanced ranks. 5. The 15th Anniversary Achievement Exhibition of the National “863” Program was held. In March 2001, the country held the 15th Anniversary Achievements Exhibition of the “863” Program at the Beijing Exhibition Hall. Since the "863" plan was implemented in March 1986, the government has obtained more than 2,000 domestic and foreign patents, published more than 47,000 papers, created a cumulative new output value of more than 56 billion yuan, and generated indirect economic benefits of more than 200 billion yuan. The overall distance between the research and development level of the high-tech fields supported by the 863 Program and the world's advanced level has significantly narrowed, and it has begun to occupy a place in the world's high-tech field. More than 60% of the technologies have been developed from scratch and have now entered or are close to the international advanced level. Another 25% still lag behind the international advanced level, but have made great progress on the original basis. (2) Analysis of integration points with teaching materials 1. From the perspective of economic common sense: (1) Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Science and technology play a decisive role in the development of today's productivity; competition in today's world is ultimately a competition between technology and talents. (2) The huge role of finance. Economic development depends on science, scientific progress depends on talents, and talent cultivation depends on education. The development of these institutions must rely on strong financial support. The large number of scientific and technological achievements listed in the background materials are inseparable from financial support.
(3) The internationalization of today’s international economy and the internationalization of scientific and technological development and application are important manifestations. The human genome draft has been an international cooperation project from the beginning. It was started by the United States and has been joined by scientists from Britain, Japan, France, Germany, and China. 2. From the perspective of philosophical common sense: (1) The relationship between objective laws and human subjective initiative. A series of scientific and technological achievements have been achieved, on the one hand, because scientists respect objective laws, and on the other hand, they are the result of their tenacious struggle, forge ahead and give full play to their subjective initiative. (2) Everything is divided into two, we should adhere to the two-point theory and the dichotomy. If breakthroughs are made in human genetic research, this will surely promote the development of life sciences, information science and a number of high-tech industries. At the same time, people are faced with new problems such as gene monopoly and excessive use of genetic results to pursue commercial interests. (3) Understand the perspective of deepening development. People should continue to deepen and expand their understanding and move their understanding forward on the basis of practice. Facts such as the research process of human genetic technology and the development of my country's aerospace technology are the inevitable results of deepening understanding and development. 3． From the perspective of political common sense: (1) The essence of international competition. The essence of competition in today's world is a contest of comprehensive national strength based on economic and technological strength. Whether it can gain advantages in scientific and technological development and enhance its comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology will ultimately determine its international status. (2) The state’s function of leading and organizing socialist modernization and organizing the construction of socialist spiritual civilization. The state vigorously develops high and new technologies and applies them to economic construction to promote economic development.