Sweden is considered to be one of the most innovative countries in the world, and its R&D intensity, the number of published papers per capita and the number of patent registrations are among the highest in the world. Germany is at the world leading level in medical technology, synthetic materials, electronic technology, food processing and other 10 research fields. Their main practices are:
1, and build a perfect innovation system. In the 1990s, Sweden began to build an innovation system at the national, regional and departmental levels. The main characteristics of national innovation system are the close connection between economy and international market, the great influence of large enterprises on national R&D activities and the close cooperation between universities and enterprises. The National Innovation System Agency is the concrete executor of building an innovation system on behalf of the Swedish government. It holds 5% of the right to use R&D funds in Sweden and plays a bridge role between the government and enterprises. Sweden has established an innovation system plan to promote regional development, and since 2003, three projects have been identified. The project area will be supported by 65,438+065,438+00 million euros in 65,438+00 years, and the region will also match funds of not less than the same amount for innovation system construction. In accordance with the principle of doing something, Sweden also focuses on supporting the innovation system of construction departments in information and communication, biotechnology, advanced manufacturing technology and materials technology, transportation and office equipment technology. At present, Germany has formed a fairly perfect national innovation system, including a three-pillar research and development system of scientific research institutions, universities and enterprises, a legal mechanism to encourage innovation, an innovative funding method combining institutional funding with project funding, a whole-process scientific research quality assurance system, and a streamlined and efficient project management model.
2. Strengthen all kinds of innovation investment. For many years, Sweden has been used for R & amp；; D's funds have been above 3% of GDP, and even exceeded 4% in recent years. At R & ampd is funded by the government and public foundations, accounting for about 20%. Since 2004, the Swedish government has formulated the strategy of "Innovating Sweden" and further increased investment in R&D. It plans to increase the R&D government investment by 2.3 billion Swedish kronor from 2005 to 2008. Another 80% of the funds come from corporate investment. Large Swedish enterprises have a high investment intensity in R&D. For example, Ericsson's R&D expenditure reaches 15% ~ 16% of its sales. In recent years, German R&D companies. D The proportion of funds in GDP remains around 2.5%, which is higher than the average level of EU countries 1.9%. Compared with Sweden, the German government's R & ampd investment accounts for a higher proportion, accounting for more than 30%.
3. Formulate effective innovation policies. Sweden and Germany have formed a set of policies to support innovation activities and protect innovation achievements. The first is to implement various innovation plans. For example, the Swedish National Innovation System Agency's "New Generation Center of Excellence Plan" plans to build 25 new "centers of excellence" in strategic areas such as biotechnology, information and communication technology and new materials, with a total investment of about 65.438+0.6 billion euros. At the same time, enterprises, universities and related institutions are required to invest no less than this amount, so that the total project construction funds will reach 430 million to 540 million euros. In 2005, Germany launched the "Top Scientific Research Funding Project", and plans to invest 654.38+065.438+0 years from 2006 to build a number of first-class universities and scientific research institutions. Second, government subsidies and government guarantees for innovative products. For example, from April 2007 1 to February 2009 1, Sweden gave a subsidy of 1 10,000 kroner to newly purchased eco-cars, and the eco-cars were exempted from congestion charges to stimulate innovation in eco-cars and related fields. Germany has formulated a special Hermes guarantee to support the export of high-tech products. The third is tax policy. For example, in the spring budget of 2007, the Swedish government cancelled the project of capital tax on venture capital and encouraged venture capital to invest in innovative small and medium-sized enterprises.
4. Provide high-quality innovative services. Both Sweden and Germany have relatively perfect innovation service systems, which meet the intermediary needs such as the transformation of innovation achievements and the cultivation of innovative small enterprises, including institutions with government background, non-profit organizations, and pure profit intermediary structures that operate in full accordance with commercialization. The service content mainly involves three categories: First, the achievement promotion service. For example, universities and scientific research institutions in Germany have set up technology transfer offices, which are fully responsible for the dissemination of scientific research results to industry. The second is financing services. For example, the Swedish state-owned enterprise ALMI gives a free subsidy of about 20,000 to 40,000 kronor to the pre-research expenses of new venture projects, and enterprises can obtain loans from ALMI (with little or no mortgage) according to the project plan. The third is innovative and entrepreneurial services. Almost all universities in Sweden have established their own industrial incubation bases, the most famous of which are Chalmers Institute of Technology and Karolinska Medical College.
5. Cultivate large-scale innovative talents. Sweden and Germany have always attached great importance to the cultivation of innovative talents, and the reserve of scientific and technological talents has always occupied a leading position in the world. Sweden has many world-class universities, and four universities rank among the top 100 in the world every year. A good talent training environment keeps Sweden's innovation power flowing. Sweden pays special attention to the cultivation of skilled talents, the state encourages and supports vocational education, and enterprises also attach importance to the knowledge updating and professional skills training of employees, so that enterprises have a good intellectual foundation not only in technological innovation, but also in equipment updating and automated production. Germany regards the construction of human resources as an important link of innovation, actively adjusts the contents of dual vocational education and higher education, and increases its attraction to top scientific and technological talents and young researchers at home and abroad.
6. Create a good culture of innovation. An important factor of Sweden's innovation success is its unique cultural atmosphere. The education that Swedes received from childhood is to pay attention to harmony, equality and teamwork, try not to highlight individual heroism, and let nature and instinct do everything. The relaxed mentality cultivated by this culture enables people with innovative ability to carry out scientific exploration and technological invention more freely, without utilitarian thoughts and anxious mentality. Sweden has a unique "engineering culture", and strives to combine creativity, invention and production practice perfectly, and keep pace with commercial operation in terms of innovative technological capabilities. The German nation has always had the traditional cultural spirit of rigorous thinking, conscientious work, observing discipline, respecting individuality, advocating science and daring to innovate. Germans not only always inspire themselves with "the country of thinkers", but also firmly believe that the traditional innovative culture is a basic force for Germany to get rid of poverty and natural resources disadvantages and continue to be rich and strong, which has also become the core of German innovative culture.