In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made a leak-turning armillary sphere, and connected the elephant with a timed leak kettle by a gear system. The leaky kettle drips water to push the elephant to rotate evenly, once a day. This is the earliest mechanical clock. Su Ge and Han Honglian, etc. , founded in the third year of Yuan Dynasty (1088), used escapement mechanism.
1350, Danti, an Italian, made the first mechanical clock with simple structure, with a daily difference of 15 ~ 30 minutes, and the indicating mechanism was only an hour hand; 1500 ~ 15 10, Henleith of Germany first replaced the heavy hammer with a steel spring and created a small mechanical clock with a crown wheel escapement mechanism. 1582 or so, Galileo of Italy invented the gravity pendulum; 1657, huygens of the Netherlands introduced the gravity pendulum into the mechanical clock and founded the pendulum clock.
1660, Hook of England invented the hairspring, and replaced the crown wheel escapement with the backward escapement. 1673, Huygens applied the governor composed of hairspring to portable clocks and watches; 1675, Clemente of England made the simplest anchor escapement with fork shoe device, which has been used for single pendulum wall clock.
1695, Tom ping of Britain invented the I-wheel escapement; 17 15, Graham of England invented the static escapement, which made up for the deficiency of the backward escapement and laid the foundation for the development of precision mechanical clocks and watches. 1765, March of England invented the free anchor escapement, which is the predecessor of modern fork-hoofed escapement. From 1728 to 1759, Harrison in Britain made high-precision standard navigation clocks; From 1775 to 1780, Arnold of England created the escapement mechanism of precision watches.
From 18 to 19 century, the watch manufacturing industry gradually realized industrial production and reached a fairly high level. In the 20th century, with the rapid development of electronic industry, battery-driven clocks, AC clocks, electromechanical watches, analog electronic clocks and digital electronic clocks came out one after another. The daily difference of clocks and watches has been less than 0.5 seconds, and clocks and watches have entered a new era of the integration of timely microelectronics technology and precision machinery.
The evolution of clocks and watches can be roughly divided into three stages, namely:
First, the evolution from the Big Clock to Jason Chung.
Second, the transition from small clock to pocket watch.
Third, the development from pocket watch to wrist watch. The development of each stage is inseparable from the technological invention at that time.
There is also a fourth evolution: from clockwise to counterclockwise.
1088, Su Song and Han Gonglian, scientists of the Song Dynasty, made an image platform of water transport instrument, which is a device that combines an armillary sphere, an elephant and a mechanical timer. It is driven by hydraulic power and has a scientific escapement mechanism. It is about 12 meters high and 7 meters square, and is divided into three layers: the upper layer is equipped with an armillary sphere for astronomical observation; The middle layer can simulate celestial bodies for synchronous demonstration; The lower layer is the heart of the instrument, and the formation and output of timing, time telling, power supply are all on this layer. Although it was destroyed by war decades later, it is of great significance in the history of world watches. Therefore, Mr. Jiao Da Yu, a famous master of clocks and watches in China and a collector of ancient clocks and watches, put forward the viewpoint that "China people created the history of clocks and watches".
/kloc-in the 0/4th century, clocks appeared in the tall buildings of European countries such as Britain and France. The power of the clock comes from hanging a heavy hammer with a rope and using gravity to generate gravity. At the end of 15 and the beginning of 16, iron clockwork appeared, which gave clocks a new power source and created conditions for their miniaturization. 1583, Italian Galileo established the famous isochronism theory, which is the theoretical basis of pendulum.
1656, Dutch scientist huygens applied Galileo's theory to design the pendulum. The next year, under his guidance, the young watchmaker S.Coster successfully made the first pendulum. 1675, he replaced the original pendulum with a hairspring, thus forming a small clock with clockwork as the power and hairspring as the speed regulating mechanism, which also provided conditions for manufacturing portable pocket watches.
/kloc-during the 0/8th century, various escapement mechanisms were invented, which laid the foundation for the further emergence and development of pocket watches. George Graham, an Englishman, perfected the I-wheel escapement in 1726, which is different from the vertical shaft escapement invented before, so the movement of pocket watch is relatively thin. in addition
/kloc-around 0/757, Thomas mutch, an Englishman, invented the fork escapement mechanism, which further improved the timing accuracy of pocket watches. During this period, until the19th century, a large number of watch manufacturers were produced, which promoted the development of pocket watches. /kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, some women's bracelets were decorated with small watches. At that time, people just regarded it as a piece of jewelry and did not fully realize its practical value. It was not until human history entered the 20th century that it was possible to establish the status of watches with the improvement of watchmaking technology and the great changes of scientific and technological civilization.
At the beginning of the 20th century, nurses hung small bags of watches on their chests to keep track of time. People attach great importance to its practicality and demand convenience, accuracy and durability. Especially with the outbreak of World War I, pocket watches can no longer meet the needs of combat soldiers, and the production of watches has become the general trend. 1926, Rolex Watch Factory made a completely waterproof watch case and applied for a patent, named oyster. The following year, a brave British woman, Mercedes Gl, wore this watch to complete the feat of crossing the English Channel. This incident has also become an important turning point in the history of watches. Since then, many new designs and technologies have also been applied to the wrist watch, becoming a real timing tool worn on the wrist. Immediately after the Second World War, the output of watches increased greatly, and the price also decreased, so that the general public could have them, and the era of watches came! From the invention of China Waterway Observatory to the atomic clock being developed in modern countries, we can see that:
Scientists and watchmakers in different periods have merged into a just visiting with their clever wisdom and constant practice, and at the same time, they have outlined a track for the development of watch culture and technology. About the history of China clocks, we have to start from three years ago. The ancestors of China first invented two kinds of timepieces made of clay and stone, "Tugui" and "Sungui", and became one of the earliest countries in the world to invent timepieces. In the Bronze Age, timepieces had a new development, and the "leaky pot" made of bronze replaced the "earth gauge" and "solar gauge". Zhang Heng invented the world's first "water elephant" in the early Yuan Dynasty. Later, on this basis, a group of eminent monks and others in the Tang Dynasty invented the "water transport armillary sphere" and "water transport instrument platform". From Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, the timer got rid of the structure of astronomical instruments and got a breakthrough new development. Guo Shoujing in the early Yuan Dynasty and Zhan Xiyuan in the early Ming Dynasty created Headlight Leakage and Five Wheels of Hourglass. By adopting mechanical structure and adding dial and hands to indicate time, its mechanical advancement can be clearly displayed and the timeliness of electricity is more accurate.
/kloc-At the end of the 9th century, China's clock-making technology reached a new level. Nanjing Zhong, 1875, made by Shanghai "miriam" workshop, is famous at home and abroad for its simple and elegant shape, distinctive national style, crisp time and accurate time. 1903 won the special prize of Panama International Fair.
China's modern mechanical clock industry began in 19 15. Li Dongshan, a national industrialist, invested and opened the first watch factory in China's watch manufacturing industry-Yantai Gem Watch Factory. And in 19 18, the first batch of wall clocks were successfully made and put on the market. 1927, Yongkang Watch Company, the second watch factory in Yantai, opened. By 1937, there are 6 enterprises in Yantai, which have considerable production scale. According to the statistics of 1934, only three clock factories in Deshunxing, Yongkang and Ciye have employees of 14 16. They have imported production equipment 149 sets from Germany, Britain, France and other countries to produce watches108000 annually. Products are not only sold to major commercial ports in North China, East China, Northeast China and South China, but also exported to more than ten countries and regions such as Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Hawaii.
After the founding of New China, the watch industry in China developed rapidly and made remarkable achievements. 1955 the first batch of domestic watches were trial-produced in Tianjin and Shanghai. After more than 30 years of continuous technological transformation and improvement, China watch industry has formed an industrial system with considerable production capacity and complete facilities. During the period of 1988, the output of watches reached more than 67 million, including more than 29 million quartz electronic watches, ranking fourth in the world. In terms of varieties, mechanical men's watches, women's watches, calendars, double calendars, automatic watches, pocket watches, stopwatches, digital and analog quartz watches were produced in batches. In terms of quality, the time accuracy of the watch has reached the level of similar products in the world. Now the more famous brands are Dongfeng, Shanghai, Gemstone Flower, Seagull and so on. Fujian is the main place in making clocks and watches. In the past ten years, mall products have sold more than 80 million products in more than 50 countries and regions such as South America, North America, Middle East and Southeast Asia, including Europe, which leads the fashion trend, and have had in-depth cooperation experience with more than 100 top brands such as Disney, DreamWorks, Coca-Cola and Mercedes-Benz.
In 2009, the first counter-clockwise clock will be successfully trial-produced in Xiamen.
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