Analysis:
pen
Pen is a widely used writing tool, which was invented in the early19th century. 1809, Britain issued the first batch of patent certificates about water storage pens, which marked the official birth of pens.
In the early water storage pens, ink could not flow freely. When the writer presses the piston, the ink begins to flow. After writing for a while, he has to press it again, otherwise the ink will not flow out. Of course it's inconvenient to write like this.
By 1884, wortmann, an employee of an American insurance company, invented a capillary ink supply method, which solved the above problems well. The end of this pen can be disassembled and ink can be injected with a small dropper.
The earliest pen that can absorb ink by itself appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, using a piston to absorb ink. When using a bladder in a pen, insert an iron sheet into the gap to squeeze the bladder to absorb ink. At 1952, there appeared a snooker pen with a tube inserted in the ink to absorb water. The commonly used capillary pen was not invented until 1956.
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pencil
The origin of pencils
1564, a black mineral-graphite was discovered in a place called barodale, England. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, and its color is much darker than lead, people call it "black lead". At that time, shepherds in Barodale often used graphite to mark sheep. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. Soon, King George II of England simply owned the Barodale graphite mine to the royal family, making it an exclusive product of the royal family. Writing with graphite strips is easy to get dirty and break. 176 1 year, the German chemist Faber first solved this problem. He washed graphite with water to make it into graphite powder, then mixed it with sulfur, antimony and rosin, and then made this mixture into strips, which were much tougher than pure graphite strips and not easy to get dirty. This is the earliest pencil. Until the end of18th century, only Britain and Germany could produce this kind of pencil. Therefore, after Napoléon Bonaparte launched a war against neighboring countries, Britain and Germany cut off the supply of pencils to France. Therefore, Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the French chemist Comte to look for graphite ore in his own country and then make pencils. However, the quality of French graphite ore is poor and its reserves are small. Comte mixed clay with graphite and put it in a kiln for barbecue, which made a good and durable pencil lead in the world at that time. Pencil lead produced by different clay proportions in graphite has different hardness and color. This is the origin of H (hard pencil), B (soft pencil) and HB (pencil with moderate hardness) marked on pencils today.
The task of putting a wooden stick coat on a pencil was completed by American craftsman Monroe. He first built a machine that can cut out battens, then carved a slot on the battens, put pencil lead in the slot, and then aligned and glued the two battens, so that pencil lead was tightly embedded in the middle. This is the pencil we use today.