British physicist, chemist and famous self-taught scientist.
1791September 22nd was born in a poor blacksmith family in Newington, Surrey. Because his family is poor, he only attended primary school for a few years. 13 years old, apprenticed in a bookstore. His work in the bookstore gave him the opportunity to read many science books. After delivering the newspaper for binding, he taught himself chemistry and electricity and began to do simple experiments to verify the contents of the book. Use his free time. After listening to the lecture on natural philosophy, he received the basic education of natural science. Because he loved scientific research and devoted himself to it, he was appreciated by British chemist David. 18 13 In March, David recommended him to be a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institute. This was a turning point in Faraday's life, and he embarked on the road of devoting himself to scientific research. In the same year, in June of 10, David went to the European continent for a scientific investigation and gave lectures. Faraday went with him as his secretary and assistant. A year and a half later, he passed through France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries, and met famous scholars Ampere and Gay-Lussac. Faraday helped David to do many chemical experiments along the way, which greatly enriched his scientific knowledge and increased his experimental ability. This laid the foundation for his independent scientific research. In May 2005, he returned to the Royal Institute to conduct chemical research under the guidance of David. 10 was elected as a member of the royal society, and was appointed as the laboratory director of the royal research institute in February, and in May 1833-65833.
Edison
The world-famous American electrician and inventor is known as the "king of inventions in the world". In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in the fields of mining, construction and chemical industry. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.
Edison was also a great entrepreneur. 1879, Edison founded "Edison Electric Lighting Company", 1880, incandescent lamps went on the market, 1890, Edison has established its various businesses into Edison General Electric Company. 189 1 year, Edison's thin filament and incandescent lamp are used for sale. Houston Company and Edison Electric Lighting Company merged to form General Electric Company, which opened the hegemony of General Electric in the electrical field for a century.
maxwell
Maxwell was a great British physicist and mathematician in the19th century. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on June 183 1 13. His father is a knowledgeable lawyer. Maxwell received a good education from an early age. He entered Edinburgh Middle School at the age of 10. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, he published a paper on the drawing of conic in the Journal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, which showed his outstanding talent. /kloc-entered the university of Edinburgh to study mathematics and physics at the age of 0/847. 1850 transferred to the mathematics department of trinity college, Cambridge university. 1854 won the Smith Scholarship with the second place. He stayed in school for two years after graduation. 1856, he became a professor of natural philosophy at Marisa University in Aberdeen, Scotland. 1860, he became a professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at King's College London. 18 1 year, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London. In the spring of 2008+0865, he resigned and returned to his hometown, systematically summarizing his research achievements in electromagnetism. He completed the classic masterpiece of electromagnetic field theory, On Electricity and Magnetism, which was published in 1873. 187 1 was appointed as the newly established professor of experimental physics in Cavendish, Cambridge University, responsible for the preparation of the famous Cavendish laboratory. After the completion of 1874, he served as the first director of the laboratory until 1879.
Bi sheng
Bi Sheng (? -105 1) China ancient inventor, Buyi nationality, was born in Hezhi Township, Qishui County, Qi State, Huainan Road (now Wuguidun Village, Caopandi Town, yingshan county City, Hubei Province). He started as a printer, specializing in manual printing. He was well aware of the difficulties of block printing in his printing practice, and seriously summed up the experience of his predecessors, and invented block printing in the Tang Dynasty.
First place: Leonardo da Vinci (Italy)
The most famous invention: calculator
When it comes to Leonardo da Vinci and his inventions, you'd better ask such a question: "What didn't he invent?" Because he invented many things. There are many design drawings in Leonardo da Vinci's work log, but the most noteworthy is the design of the calculator. Imagine what science would be like without simple and complicated mathematical operations.
Leonardo da Vinci was the founder of the Renaissance. He can draw (such as the famous Mona Lisa), sculpt and invent. His diary has fascinated the whole world so far, describing many things from the human body to helicopters and tanks.
The coolest fact: Da Vinci's diary is more than 13000 pages long, which still affects scientific research. In 2005, a British surgeon used the method designed by Leonardo da Vinci to perform heart repair surgery, which was surprising in itself. It would be amazing if you knew that Leonardo da Vinci had no idea about the working mechanism of the human circulatory system at that time.
Second place: nikola tesla (USA)
The most famous invention: radio
Although nikola tesla was not recognized before his death, the US Supreme Court finally affirmed his patent application and confirmed that he, not Marconi, invented the radio.
Maybe Tesla was born unconventional. Although a transmission mode called "alternating current" invented by him is still in use today, in fact, his research focuses on the theoretical application of electricity (unfortunately, many research results still stay on the drawing board). It is this Tesla who always makes his own experimental equipment (such as the famous Tesla coil used to collect electric energy) and puts forward a series of viewpoints from X-rays to seismographs.
The coolest fact: Tesla was still studying a deadly ray until the end of his life. His views sound a bit like science fiction, and the FBI really can't see anything interesting. As a result, President Hoover had to order Tesla's scientific research materials to be taken away and declared it "top secret".
Third place: Alessandro Volta (Italy)
The most famous invention: the battery
Volt didn't find electricity, but he came up with a good idea to carry it. Volt battery is the pioneer of modern battery.
Volt has been engaged in electrical research all his life. In the early days, he invented the starting disk (that is, charging the single-board capacitor at one time), and a year later he devoted himself to the experiment of gas-fired power generation in a closed room. In the process, he discovered methane, a gas commonly used in families today. However, what really makes it famous is the "Volt battery", which is actually a pile of zinc and copper sheets alternately arranged, and a cloth soaked in salt water is added between the two metal sheets to enhance the conductivity.
The coolest fact: 18 10, Napoleon awarded the title of Earl of Volt in recognition of this great Italian inventor. But the honor does not stop there. In 188 10, his name is used as the unit of voltage "volt".
Fourth place: alexander bell (UK)
The most famous invention: the telephone
"Can you hear me?"
"Yes!"
Thanks to the telephone invented by alexander bell, we can hear each other's voices.
There are so many telephone providers now, but it is because of alexander bell that Bell Telephone Company, the world's first (and most powerful) telephone company, was founded. Bell is not only a lonely wizard, his research ideas involve air conditioning (in fact, he built the original air conditioning system in his room), hydrofoil and the concept of magnetic storage of information (which led to an unprecedented innovative invention-computer).
The coolest fact: alexander bell was also the inventor of the world's first metal detector. He assembled this device to find the bullet in President james garfield's body. As a result, the detector worked, but the position of the bullet could not be determined because President Garfield was lying on a metal shelf during the inspection.
Fifth place: isaac newton (UK)
The most famous invention: calculus
If you finally try to finish the advanced mathematics course, you may not be a big fan of Sir isaac newton, because all the problems you encounter are basically his fault-he invented calculus.
If you study physics now, whether it is about gravity (an apple falling from a tree, whether true or false, is a powerful example) or the principle of light and optics, you have to start with the research results of Sir isaac newton. Newton was the first to propose that "light is composed of particles", which led him to develop the reflecting telescope (now named after him). In addition, Newton also made contributions to the study of sound and heat principles.
The coolest fact: It is easy to think that scientists are just a group of laboratory mice who don't care about the world, but Newton is an exception: he has been a king's judge of England for nearly two years and is engaged in the execution of counterfeiters. At the end of his legal career, he still had 65,438+00 criminals to be executed.
Sixth place: howard hughes (USA)
The most famous invention: improving aircraft design
Howard hughes didn't invent the airplane. As the "father of global aviation", he mainly wrote some books about airlines. Now, global aviation has become history, but the aviation tourism industry is booming because of howard hughes.
He once put forward a series of innovative designs for passenger planes. For example, he redesigned the "H- 1" and put the retractable landing gear, connecting rods and connectors into the fuselage, thus reducing the air resistance in flight. This innovative improvement had an impact on a series of fighter designs during World War II.
It is demeaning to say that howard hughes is an eccentric. He comes from the family of a famous inventor. The oil well drill invented by his father, Hughes Sr., allows oil exploitation equipment to collect resources that people could not touch before. Howard hughes lived in seclusion in his later years, but when he was young, he was a great man who conquered aviation and Hollywood. Whether developing amphibious planes or meeting Hollywood stars katharine hepburn or bette davis, he always goes his own way.
The coolest fact: 1972, Hughes was hired by the CIA to report an action of the CIA. This operation, code-named "Project Jennifer", aims to salvage the Soviet submarine that sank in the Hawaiian waters. The effect of this action is limited. 1975, a robber took some secret information of Hughes and exposed his contact with the CIA.
Seventh place: Benjamin Franklin (USA)
The most famous invention: bifocal glasses
We all know that reading is fundamental, but reading is the premise of reading. Thanks to the bifocal glasses invented by Benjamin Franklin, even people with vision less than 20/20 can browse the web pages of websites. When writing the Chronicle of Poor Richard, he helped the United States win the recognition of France (France reversed the situation of the American revolution) and fawned on women everywhere. Franklin still made very important contributions to science. Many of us may remember the photo of him flying a kite in the storm in the social studies class. This experiment made Franklin know a lot about electricity and brought us a lightning rod.
The coolest fact: Inventors and stallions (men who like to pursue women) are usually not related to the same person, but Benjamin Franklin is an exception. He was the most attractive man of his time, and his popularity among French women really benefited the American cause.
Eighth place: james watt (UK)
The most famous invention: the improved steam engine
Today, we won't use steam as the main energy source, but back in the early days of the industrial revolution, steam was a time to show off. James watt spent a lot of time improving the steam engine and pushing the world forward.
Watt didn't invent the steam engine, but he made it work for people. In fact, it was Watt's innovation and improvement that changed the world from agriculture to industry. In addition to making such great contributions to power and machinery, Watt also invented a rotating machine and a device called "flying ball", which can automatically adjust the speed of the machine.
The coolest fact: Watt, the unit of power, is named after him. He has always been recognized as the greatest engineer in the world.
Ninth place: Johannes Gutenberg (German)
The most famous invention: modern printing
Johannes Gutenberg wants to piece all the little things together to make a movable type printing machine. Before you realize the fact that his printing may set off an information revolution, you will feel that his idea seems a little less great.
None of us know who wrote the Bible, but we know the name of its publisher: Gutenberg. Yes, China's movable type printing has been used for hundreds of years before, but Gutenberg was the first to print words into books instead of silk. This innovation enabled a wider range of people to access knowledge, thus giving birth to the "Enlightenment Age". Gutenberg is one of the best inventors, but he is a businessman.
The coolest fact: In the debt-ridden predicament, Gutenberg spent his old age working for the Archbishop of Mainz, who provided him with room and board and helped him to quit the habit of drinking.
Tenth place: Thomas Edison (USA)
The most famous invention: the electric light bulb
There is nothing more representative of innovation than a light bulb. In fact, Edison's invention had such a profound influence on the world that it was called the symbol of all great ideas.
People think that Edison can easily focus on the light bulb (an inventive design that he actually improved and made feasible), but his real intention is to electrify the light bulb and make it glow. 1982, Edison established the world's first power transmission company to deliver electricity to 59 consumers in Manhattan. With the support of JP Morgan and Vanderbilt family consortium, Edison also used his knowledge to provide the world with an early version of the stock quotation machine.
The coolest fact: Edison fell in love with a popular fashion diet in his later years, that is, he only drank 1 pint of milk every three hours. Fortunately, Edison did not use his knowledge in the field of human life science.