The development history of the lantern
The bold imagination of a physics professor In 1802, at the Petersburg Medical College of Surgery in Russia, a physics professor named Petrov announced, He intended to "make light out of electricity." In the early 19th century when bonfires, pine trees, animal and vegetable oils and gas were still the main lighting methods, and when electricity was still a new thing, this decision was tantamount to a night in the sky. But Petrov's enthusiasm was not extinguished by everyone's cynicism, because not long ago, he was inspired by the American physicist Franklin's method of flying a kite to induce sparks: when the two ends of the battery pack are connected by wires, Can the electric sparks generated be turned into long-lasting light for lighting purposes? In order to achieve the desired effect, Petrov made unremitting efforts. Although he never saw a "lasting light" before his death, Petrov discovered the "electric arc" - "If two carbon rods are brought close to each other, a very bright white light will appear between them. or white flame, which caused the charcoal rod to burn quickly or slowly, and could completely illuminate a dark large room." This is the earliest statement about electric lighting. The discovery of the electric arc marked a decisive step in the transformation of electricity into light.
From arc lamp to incandescent lamp
At about the same time, the famous British chemist David, who was immersed in electrochemical research in 1809, also discovered the electric arc. He made a large electrical storage device with his own hands and used 2,000 voltaic cells to obtain a stronger and brighter arc.
The experimental devices of Petrov and David are relatively similar. This is actually the prototype of a new type of lamp - the carbon arc lamp. At that time, this kind of lamp used charcoal rods made of ordinary charcoal, which burned out too quickly, and the dazzling arc light seemed to be short-lived.
About 30 years later, someone thought of and applied hard and dense coke to replace ordinary charcoal. Since coke burns slower than charcoal, the arc flash time is much longer.
Later, French technicians installed a clock device on the arc device so that it could automatically adjust the distance between the two carbon rods. In this way, the first carbon arc lamp was officially born.
In 1876, the Russian electrician Yablochikov carried out major reforms in the arc lamp. He eliminated the complicated clock mechanism and magnet lamp adjustment device, and instead stood two carbon rods side by side, separated by an insulating sheet made of clay or plaster. He also used a device that could continuously change the direction of the current so that the two carbon rods alternately act as anode and cathode. In this way, the burning rate of the two carbon rods is basically the same, and the distance between their ends can be Remains unchanged. Because the two charcoal rods standing side by side looked like candles when they glowed, people gave it a nice name "electric candle". The electric candle emits a beautiful light red or lavender light, and each candle can last for about two hours.
In the latter years of the 1870s, electric candles were all the rage. Electric candles invested and manufactured by the French General Electric Association were once used as street lamps and lit one by one on the streets. In Paris alone, thousands of electric candles were used to replace the original 70,000 kerosene lamps on the streets. The bustling Paris has become a veritable city that never sleeps. Electric candles also illuminated the streets of London, England and ancient Persia, and also shimmered over the Roman Theater and the Royal Palace of Cambodia...
The advent of arc lamps opened up a new era of electric lighting, which was a significant step in the history of human lighting. It has great prophetic significance. Due to its strong luminosity, high luminous efficiency and good color rendering, arc lamps have incomparable advantages in printing and plate making, film projection and other fields, and they still occupy a place today. However, electric candles consume a lot of power, have a short lifespan, and produce harmful gases. Therefore, after the emergence of incandescent lamps, they almost disappeared in the lighting field.
In 1879, Edison built the world's first practical carbon filament incandescent lamps based on the research and practice of his predecessors. Edison used an improved carbonization method, sprinkled a length of cotton thread with charcoal powder, bent it into a horseshoe shape, put it in a clay crucible and heated it at high temperature to make a filament. Then he sealed the filament into a glass bubble and carefully extracted the air inside.
On October 21 of that year, the lightbulb began to light up and continued to glow for 45 hours! Edison made a huge contribution to the creation of the incandescent lamp.
From immaturity to maturity
The brilliance of incandescent lamps is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and a large number of inventors have devoted themselves to the improvement of incandescent lamps. In fact, before the birth of carbon filament incandescent lamps, people tried to use various refractory metals to make filaments. After the advent of incandescent lamps, people spared no effort in seeking ideal filaments. Finally, in the 9th year of the 20th century, American Curric found a filament material with excellent performance - tungsten. Tungsten has many remarkable characteristics. It has a higher melting point than any other metal element, and it evaporates less when heated. Therefore, tungsten is the most suitable material for use as a filament. Using tungsten filament as a filament to make incandescent lamps is a milestone in the history of lighting technology. The introduction of tungsten wire has enabled incandescent lamps to achieve a decisive victory in the competition with kerosene lamps, gas lamps, and gasoline lamps; the application of tungsten wire has effectively promoted the development of the electrical lighting industry and opened up a new era of electrical lighting technology.
The improvement of incandescent lamps has not rested on its laurels. In 1913, Lanmire filled the glass bulb with nitrogen for the first time. This was another important innovation in incandescent lamps after the filament was changed from carbon filament to tungsten filament. The glass bulb is filled with nitrogen, and a thin and stable gas protective layer is formed around the filament, allowing the filament to work at a higher temperature, effectively inhibiting the evaporation of the tungsten filament, and overcoming the performance problems of the tungsten filament during use. Defects (to this day, inflation is still an important step in the light bulb manufacturing process).
After that, in order to improve the luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps and extend the service life of the bulbs, people once again worked hard on the composition and structure of the filament. Inventors introduced a new element - rhenium. The advantage of rhenium is that it not only has a high melting point and is corrosion-resistant, but also has good mechanical properties and a much higher resistivity than tungsten. After the tungsten wire is coated with rhenium, the strength and resistance are greatly enhanced, and the life span can be extended by 5 times! At the same time, people began to make the filament into a spiral shape. On the one hand, this can reduce the space occupied and improve the luminous efficiency. On the other hand, it can continue to reduce the evaporation of tungsten and extend the service life. It can be said that it kills two birds with one stone. In 1936, people made a double-spiral filament, which increased the operating temperature of gas-filled incandescent lamps to more than 2500°, and incandescent lamps for photography even reached 3000°: the first generation of incandescent lamps matured.
Throughout the 20th century until the 21st century, incandescent lamps have always been a beautiful scenery in the large family of lighting appliances. Although fluorescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and neon lamps that are better than incandescent lamps have appeared in today's life, ordinary incandescent lamps still play an irreplaceable role in ordinary people's home lives.
The ancient kerosene lamp, Edison invented the electric light
The history of the development of car lights
It is said that the first car headlight was a household portable lamp. In 1887, when a driver got lost in the dark wilderness, a farmer used a handheld light to guide him home.
In 1898, the Columbia electric car used electricity for headlights and taillights, and thus car lights were born. The original headlights could not be dimmed, so they were a bit dazzling when meeting cars. In order to overcome this shortcoming, an additional light adjuster was later used. The headlights can move vertically, but the driver must get out of the car to move the clamping device.
In 1925, the Navigation Company promoted the double-filament light bulb. The adjustment of high beam and low beam was controlled by a switch mounted on the steering column.
The use of turn signals is very interesting. In 1916, an American man named C? H? Thomas's men put a battery-powered lightbulb on his glove so that other drivers could see his gestures while driving at night.
In 1938, the Buick automaker offered turn signals as an optional accessory, but at the time they were only mounted on the rear of the car.
After 1940, turn signals were also installed on the front of cars, and the signal switch had the function of being adjusted at any time.
In 1906, the world first used a battery-powered electric light for lighting.
In 1909, acetylene lamps were used as light-changing devices for the first time.
In 1916, the United States used driving lights.
In 1920, when the reverse gear device was selected, reversing lights were used.
In 1920, General Motors of the United States was the first to install interior lights.
In 1926, General Motors moved the headlight dimmer switch from the steering wheel to the floor.
In 1938, enclosed interior lights were used for the first time.
In 1898, the American Electric Company promoted parabolic reflectors for electric lamps in headlights, side lights and tail lights.
History of the development of neon lights
The oldest and most vital gas discharge light source - neon lights
1. In 1893, "Moll" and "Moll" appeared Geissler's original neon model.
2. In 1910, the first commercial neon light was unveiled at the Palais Royal in Paris. In 1915, Claude of France received the first patent for the invention of neon lights.
3. The initial neon lights used gas discharge primary color or colored glass tubes. By 1930, phosphor neon lights appeared.
4. In 1926, my country’s first neon advertisement appeared on the window of the Evans Library on Nanjing East Road, Shanghai.
5. In 1927, my country's first neon lamp was made by Shanghai Far East Chemical Manufacturing Factory and used in Shanghai Central Hotel.
Neon lights in my country gradually developed in the 1930s. By 1949, there were more than 30 neon light factories across the country.
7. my country’s neon stagnation period from 1949 to 1979.
8. Since 1980, neon lights have been booming in my country, with approximately 10,000 neon light manufacturing, raw material and device factories.
Neon lights are derived from the English "neon lights", that is, "NEON SIGN". The word "neon" is actually the transliteration of "NEON", and now people have regarded "neon lights" as Special words are used.
The development of neon lights can be traced back to the British physicist and chemist Faraday’s research on gas discharge. When electric current passes through a gas containing a small amount of positive and negative ions, it is affected by ultraviolet rays, cosmic rays, and trace amounts of radioactive materials. After moving under the action of a sufficiently high applied voltage and colliding with neutral gas molecules, the neutral molecules are ionized, thus doubling the number of ions. When electric current passes through the gas, it is also accompanied by a luminescence phenomenon, which is the so-called glow discharge. The color of its light varies with the inflated gas. Faraday's theory and his experimental achievements laid a solid foundation for the development of neon light technology.
Neon lights originated in France. The diameter of the lamp body glass tube used at that time was 45 mm. The glass tube was first bent into the required words or patterns, and then a transformer with a voltage of more than 10,000 volts was used to supply power to make it glow. At that time, the electrodes at both ends of the lamp were made of graphite, and nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas was filled inside. The former would emit red light, and the latter would emit white light. Since these two gases are relatively active, they easily react chemically with the graphite electrode. The graphite sputtered from the cathode quickly forms a black film layer on the inner wall of the glass tube, and absorbs a large amount of gas filled into the lamp tube, causing the lamp tube to inflate. The pressure drops quickly, causing the neon lamp to have a short life. In order to solve this problem at that time, a special solenoid valve was added to the neon lamp tube, and a certain amount of gas was replenished into the lamp after the neon lamp was used for a period of time. However, this failed to fundamentally overcome the above defects. Therefore, this kind of lamp not only has a short lifespan and complicated manufacturing process, but also is expensive and difficult to popularize.
Between 1907 and 1910, scientists Claude and Linde invented liquid air fractionation. Using this invention, a certain amount of inert gas is filled into the neon lamp, which significantly slows down the consumption rate of the gas inside the lamp tube, and the colors are also rich, and can produce red, green, blue, yellow and other colors. On the eve of World War II, photoluminescent materials were developed. This material can not only emit light of various colors, but also has high luminous efficiency. We call it phosphor.
After phosphor powder is used in the production of neon lights, the brightness of the neon lights has not only been significantly improved, but the colors of the lamp tubes have also become more vivid and varied, and the lamp-making process has also been simplified. Therefore, after the end of World War II, neon lights developed rapidly.
The lifespan of neon lamps is higher than that of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps under normal circumstances. To achieve this level, three points must be achieved:
1. The production personnel are of excellent quality and the exhaust personnel are bombarded. Degas it thoroughly;
2. The transformer that starts it must not be overloaded;
3. The installer installs it carefully and reasonably; as long as the above requirements are met, practice has proved that neon lights are reliable
The life span is longer than that of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps, and our company has such successful examples.
Neon light equipment and color standards
Neon light color standards
Lamp feet: a special consumable used to fix neon lights, classification:
·Organic lamp feet: Made of polycarbonate material, high-quality lamp feet have very good transparency, good weather resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and can be used for more than 8 years. They are a substitute for plastic lamp feet and are mainly used. On the densely packed straight tubes of neon lights. But if it is made of recycled materials, its service life is greatly reduced.
·Plastic lamp feet: Made of high-quality plastic, available in red, blue, white, yellow, green and other colors, with a service life of 3-5 years, but if made of recycled materials , the service life will be greatly reduced, and "breakage" may occur in less than half a year. It is mainly used for densely packed straight tubes of neon lights.
·Glass lamp feet: Made of glass, extremely weather-resistant, can be used for more than 8 years, mainly used on curved lamp tubes, such as word tubes.
Electrodes: Known as the "heart" of neon lights
· Without considering "bombardment degassing" and "vacuuming", the better the electrodes, the longer the life of the neon lights. , mainly including mica and ceramic rings, ceramic rings are better than mica.
·The better the electrode, the longer the life of the neon lamp. The lifespan of neon lights is directly related to "bombardment degassing" and "vacuuming". No matter how good the electrode is, if the "bombardment degassing" is not complete, the lifespan may not be as good as that of ordinary mica electrodes that are "bombardment degassing" thoroughly.
The development process of xenon lamps
Xenon lamps, also called gas discharge lamps, were successfully developed by Philips in 5 years. They were mainly used in industrial and architectural lighting in the early days. Its advantages are high lighting brightness, long exposure time, good stability and energy saving. Xenon lamps are generally divided into three types: 120V, 240V and 380V, with wattages ranging from tens of watts to several kilowatts. Automobile xenon lamps are improved on the basis of industrial xenon lamps. The voltage of automobile xenon lamps is 12V, and the wattage is 35W and 55W. Most cars use 35W, and a few 55W ones are mostly installed on the high beam. There are many major manufacturers of automotive xenon lamps in the world, and Europe has always been the representative in terms of technology. The brands generally recognized in Europe are: HELLA; PHILIPS; OSRAM; BOSCH ); the five major manufacturers of LAMPWICK. The models of automobile xenon lamps have developed into two categories: special models and mass models. Generally, the models that Europe equips the world's major automobile manufacturers are special models, and the models are D2S/D2R. They are determined based on Hella's automotive lamp assemblies. The Volkswagen model is mainly equipped according to the original halogen lamp model of the car lamp. H1, H3, H4, H7, 9005, 9006, Langwei also launched special high-end luxury and sports car models: H10, H11, H13, 9004, 9007 and other models.
■Xenon lamp has the following characteristics:
1. High color temperature and bluish light color. Looks more handsome. The K number is the symbol of the K number. The color temperature of general halogen lamps is below 3000. Xenon lamps generally start at 4500k. 7000k is very common. Two days ago, I saw a friend saying that there is a 12000k xenon lamp. It was crazy. The blue must have turned purple.
A high K number is generally closer to daylight and easier to accept, but I think the real benefit of a high color temperature is just that it looks good, and other effects are of little importance.
2. High brightness. Note that color temperature and brightness are fundamentally different concepts. The xenon lamp is not bright because of the high color temperature, but because of the high brightness. The unit of brightness is lumens, and the number of lumens of xenon lamps is generally three times that of ordinary halogen lamps.
3. Other things like low energy consumption and long life have little to do with us.
■ Several issues that must be understood before installing a xenon lamp:
1. Classification of xenon lamps. Xenon lamps are divided into six types according to the form of bulbs. High beam with lens, low beam with lens (the above two lights are generally used in original xenon lamp systems such as PST, Audi, etc.) h1 (high beam bulb), h3 (fog lamp), h4 (high and low beam) Bulb), h7 (low beam bulb)
2. There are generally two ways to modify the xenon lamp system,
a) One is a more luxurious general modification - that is, the headlights Total name and bulbs replaced. The effect of this method is not bad, but it has two limitations. First: the price is too high; Bora's Hella assembly costs more than 10,000, while Hella's bulbs cost 4,000-5,000. The second assembly is limited by the original manufacturer's accessories. If the model does not have a xenon lamp assembly at all, there is nothing you can do. For example, Xiaoqie definitely does not have the original xenon lamp assembly.
b) The second one is just to change the light bulb.
3. Modification process: only replace the xenon lamp with the bulb. The product contains four parts: booster and ballast. The above two items are iron boxes the size of cigarette boxes, which can be fixed to the car. The bulb ,wire. There is no need to modify the wiring, just connect the wire originally connected to the light bulb to the booster. Very simple.
4. Risks that must be considered before deciding to modify:
a) Regarding the issue of high-frequency interference: xenon lamps require a high voltage of 35,000 volts to start. There is a certain possibility that it will interfere with the electrical appliances in the car, such as the stereo, and the Bora seems to interfere with the windshield wipers. The probability of it happening is very small, but it is possible and you need to be mentally prepared.
b) Regarding the issue of penetrability: the k-number of xenon lamps is relatively high. According to optical principles, the higher the k-number, the easier it is to be covered by lights with low k-number. General street lights are only less than 2000k. The effect is not obvious. Need to adapt. But if you look at the reflector, you will know that the light is bright enough. The darker the surrounding environment, the better the effect of the xenon lamp. Especially when walking on the mountain road at night, you will find his cuteness. But there is a problem worth noting: the penetrating power of xenon lamps is relatively poor in rain, snow and fog, and it drops sharply. Brothers who like extreme off-roading need to consider this. In terms of practical application, during the several rains and snows in Beijing, I felt that although the penetrating power of xenon lamps decreased, it was not much worse than that of halogen lamps, because its brightness was reduced by half and was still brighter than halogen lamps.
c) About the light horn: Because of the characteristics of the xenon lamp itself, it takes several seconds from lighting up to maximum brightness. Maybe it doesn’t feel like flashing the headlights at will. Judging from the actual feedback, it is not that serious: First of all: when the headlights are flashed for the first time, the light is relatively weak, but again - but it is enough for half the brightness, which is much brighter than the halogen light. Moreover - there will be basically no lag in brightness when the headlights are flashed afterwards. It should be the function of the capacitor. Xenon lamps will not have a big impact on the light horn.
d) Regarding the effect of xenon lamps after installation: The most important effects on the effect after installation are two: First, the lighting must be adjusted. Because xenon lamps are inherently very bright, if they are not adjusted properly, they will have a great impact on other vehicles. So be sure to dim it, for the sake of others. The second is very important: it is the quality of the lamp itself - this is something we cannot change: Generally speaking: the round lamp bowl with separate high and low beams is very effective, and the worst effect is the integrated high and low beam. Among the lamps with square lamp heads, Bora is the worst. Unfortunately, Xiaoqie is like this. I didn't take a close look at Xiaoqie's lamp. If you are interested, you can take a closer look at Xiaoqie's lighting to see if it is very divergent, if not.
It shouldn't be a big problem. If it's too divergent, forget it.
e) Safety issues: The xenon lamp should be a mature modification. It should not be a big problem if the original car wiring is not changed. The key is to fix the various components. In addition, although it only has 35w, it generates quite a lot of heat. Don't use low-quality lamp holders.