the transformation of scientific and technological achievements mainly refers to the process of scientific and technological achievements entering the production field and transforming into real productive forces. Only by making scientific and technological achievements widely used in production practice can we effectively improve the quality of economic growth in China and realize the fundamental transformation of economic growth mode. As an important part of China's scientific research system, colleges and universities have produced more than one-third of the country's scientific research achievements, but less than 1% of the numerous scientific research achievements have been transformed, which not only causes a huge waste of manpower, material resources and financial resources, but also hinders the development of talent training in colleges and universities and the implementation of the national strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. The low transformation rate of scientific research achievements has become a key problem that puzzles the scientific research work in colleges and universities. Therefore, it is very important to study the restrictive factors of the transformation of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities and the cooperation mode of Industry-University-Research.
first, the current situation of the transformation of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities
(first) the analysis of the current situation
As an important aspect of China's scientific and technological development, colleges and universities play an important role in the process of transforming scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. At present, the commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities in China are relatively low, and a large number of scientific and technological achievements are difficult to be transformed into real productive forces. The application rate of tens of thousands of patented technologies authorized by colleges and universities every year is less than 25%, and the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in China is 1% ~ 15%, far below the level of 6% ~ 8% in developed countries. Of course, the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements in China are restricted by many factors: for example, researchers have strong academic awareness and weak market awareness; The innovation consciousness of enterprises is weak, and the application of high-tech achievements lacks initiative; The supporting system for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is not perfect, including the unsmooth flow of talents, the unsmooth flow of information and the imperfect technology market system.
Minister Zhou Ji of the Ministry of Education once vividly said: "It is an exaggeration to say that there are gold mines everywhere in colleges and universities, but it is not an exaggeration to say that there are gold mines everywhere in colleges and universities." These untransformed achievements cost the country a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. If they are not transformed into real productive forces in time, it will mean great waste. At the same time, a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises in China are still blindly looking for projects everywhere. Therefore, studying an effective business model to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces is a big task facing universities all over the country.
(II) Existing transformation modes of scientific and technological achievements in Chinese universities
At present, there are many transformation modes of scientific and technological achievements in Chinese universities, mainly including the following four modes:
? 1. Self-run entity mode
? The mode of self-run entity in colleges and universities refers to that the holders of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities rely on the existing policies and environment to set up their own enterprises and create conditions to transform research achievements into real productive forces. The main target of this model is those universities with cutting-edge scientific and technological equipment, strong scientific research strength and a large amount of scientific research funds. Through the efforts of their own scientific research teams, they have developed scientific and technological achievements with relatively high technical content, and their technical gap is generally large. It may be difficult for ordinary enterprises to accept for a while, but setting up their own enterprises is not only convenient to solve technical problems in production and operation, but also conducive to further improving product functions and constantly developing new products that are on the right track for trial sale. Practice has proved that the self-run entity model of colleges and universities is an effective form of transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
The advantages of this mode are fast conversion, short time consumption, and effective technical support and subsequent development. The shortcomings are the shortage of production funds, congenital defects in management and unclear role orientation of colleges and universities, and so on.
? 2. Joint entity mode
? Joint entity mode means that the provider of scientific and technological achievements invests scientific and technological achievements into a ready-made enterprise for production in the form of technology pricing shares, and the enterprise independently accounts for the economic benefits of the products produced in cooperation, and finally pays the benefits to the technology provider according to the proportion stipulated in the contract. The characteristic of this model is that the provider of scientific and technological achievements only provides achievements and production suggestions, while other production conditions are provided by cooperative enterprises, and the business strategy is also based on enterprise policy. Due to the large number of colleges and universities in China, the specific conditions vary greatly. Judging from the current situation, there are not many colleges and universities with obvious high-tech advantages, and it is difficult for ordinary colleges and universities to invest a lot of money in industrial production. In this case, we can consider adopting the results transformation model of joint venture entities.
? The advantage of this model is that the providers of scientific and technological achievements are more risky? Fast conversion speed; The disadvantage is that it is not conducive to the subsequent development of the results, and because the results are not developed according to the requirements of enterprises, the market acceptance of the products is not necessarily so satisfactory. ? 3. incubator mode
? In China, incubators are also called business start-up service centers. This is a new social and economic organization to improve the survival rate and success rate of small-scale scientific and technological enterprises. It can provide research and development sites, office equipment and other infrastructure for the transformation of scientific and technological innovation achievements, as well as personnel training, marketing, policy consultation, legal aid, financing support and other services. It can help the owners of scientific and technological achievements to cooperate with potential enterprises and develop small start-up enterprises into more mature enterprises. Since the first entrepreneurial center in China was formally established in 1987, there have been nearly 1 entrepreneurial centers nationwide. From the overall situation of incubator development, the development time is not long, but the development speed is very fast, which has become a powerful driver of China's economic growth.
Advantages of this model: through the combination with venture capital, it fills the funding gap for enterprise development; Attracted a large number of high-tech talents (including returned overseas students) to start businesses, and trained a large number of entrepreneurs from scientific and technological personnel; Wait a minute. Defects: insufficient social funds for the development of entrepreneurial enterprises; The combination of technology and finance is not smooth, and the financing of incubating enterprises is difficult; Lack of incubator management talents; The sources of venture capital funds are insufficient; Wait a minute.
? 4. Transformation mode through technology market < P >? Scientific and technological achievements can also be spread through the technology market, which is mainly divided into two types: one is patent sale (direct transfer); The other is indirect transfer through technical intermediary. Patent sale means that the provider of scientific and technological achievements sells all the information of the achievements to the transferee at a certain price, and the transferee implements the transformation of scientific and technological achievements alone; Technology intermediary refers to an intermediate organization between enterprises and scientific research units. Its function is mainly to bridge the gap between enterprises and universities, not only to help researchers transfer their achievements, but also to find technical sources for enterprises, thus promoting the commercialization of scientific and technological innovations.
The advantages of direct transfer mode are simple process, reduced agency fee, and rapid compensation for scientific research investment; The disadvantage is that it is necessary for researchers to master certain market information when looking for the transferee, otherwise it is difficult to complete the patent sale.
? The advantage of indirect transfer mode is that colleges and universities can concentrate on scientific research, and the task of transformation is entirely undertaken by technical intermediaries and enterprises, which is more risky? The investment in scientific research can be recovered quickly; The disadvantage is that the economic benefits obtained by colleges and universities are relatively low, and it is difficult for the transferee to carry out the subsequent development of technology.
The four transformation modes mentioned above have their own advantages and disadvantages for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities, and none of them is suitable for all colleges and universities. Colleges and universities should, according to their own advantages and characteristics, choose a model that is conducive to the transformation of their own achievements and boldly practice it, thus truly embodying the courage of "science and technology are the primary productive forces".
second, the bottleneck restricting the transformation of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities
China's colleges and universities have complete disciplines, strong scientific research foundation and strong scientific research strength, and are extremely important scientific research innovation forces.
Every year, a large number of achievements come out. However, due to various reasons such as concepts, concepts, policies and systems, they have long been bound by the idea of emphasizing achievements, neglecting practice, emphasizing level and efficiency, emphasizing scientific research and neglecting transformation. A large number of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities entered the archives after completing the research project, and never got out of the strange circle of "project establishment-thesis-award-job title evaluation and employment". This is a great waste and loss for developing countries with underdeveloped economy and tight scientific research funds. There are many reasons for the low conversion rate of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities in China. Although it has aroused widespread concern from the government, society and universities, the appearance and long-term existence of this phenomenon still deserve our serious consideration. < P > First, the scientific research evaluation mechanism is unreasonable, and the topic selection is divorced from market demand and lacks practicality. < P > At present, the same evaluation criteria are adopted for teachers engaged in basic research and applied research in colleges and universities. It mainly depends on the number of papers published in authoritative journals, the awards won by the project, the acquisition of patents for research projects, etc., and rarely considers whether the scientific and technological achievements can be industrialized, resulting in the phenomenon that college teachers re-apply for scientific and technological projects and neglect transformation. From the initial topic selection of R&D projects, they have focused too much on technology and theory, and the scientific and technological projects studied are often out of touch with market demand. The output of scientific and technological achievements often only pays attention to or stays at the level of successful laboratory tests, prototype completion, patent application and publication, resulting in a large number of scientific and technological achievements becoming laboratory achievements or one-time "products", and the transformation of achievements is difficult or there is no market, so enterprises are reluctant to spend money on purchase or joint development.
second, the scientific research system is not perfect, the transformation funds are short, and the follow-up ability of transformation is insufficient.
after the scientific research achievements in colleges and universities are produced, they are generally still in the theoretical and laboratory stage, and they are all scientific research achievements in the form of knowledge. At most, they are only achievements in the form of knowledge with some incomplete "materialized" carrier, that is, samples, prototypes, preliminary designs, etc. This kind of scientific research achievement can not be directly applied to industrial and agricultural production, and a series of problems such as production amplification, process equipment design and commercialization of achievements must be solved before the final transformation can be realized, which requires a lot of manpower, financial resources and material resources. According to the experience of western developed countries, a mature scientific research achievement has been successfully applied to social production. Generally, the ratio of investment in research and development, pilot test and commercialization of achievements is 1: 1: 1, and the more money is spent in the later stage. In recent years, the research funds allocated by the government to colleges and universities are mainly concentrated on basic research and applied basic research. For the government, colleges and researchers, the huge funds and risks required for the pilot and commercialization of most achievements are unbearable. Therefore, everyone places their hopes on enterprises, but enterprises often think that the technology bought back from the market should be directly invested in the production of products without transformation, and they are unwilling to invest a lot of high-risk transformation funds. Without the support of enterprises and venture capital mechanism, the follow-up ability of scientific research achievements transformation is seriously insufficient.
Third, the specialized intermediary agencies are poor in quality, low in service capacity and poor in transformation channels.
Specialized scientific research transformation intermediary agencies are the bridge and link to speed up the transformation and industrialization of Liyi research achievements. On the one hand, they can find the enterprises that need this technology most for schools and researchers, on the other hand, they can provide scientific research achievements with the greatest economic benefits for enterprises. In recent years, China's achievement transformation intermediaries have made great progress and achieved remarkable results. However, there are still many problems. Although universities have established scientific research departments and industrial departments, most of them only play a simple role in providing information and consulting services, and have not yet played an effective role in eliminating the trust and asymmetry between producers and users. At the same time, some schools often lack unified coordination between the scientific research department and the industrial department, and the research projects are out of touch with the industrialization of achievements, which cannot form an effective supply. Most of the intermediaries outside colleges and universities are funded by governments at all levels to promote economic development and scientific research progress. They have a strong color of government-run and semi-government-run, and rely on government departments to produce projects and topics for them. Their market awareness, competition awareness and service awareness are weak, and their intermediary role has not been effectively brought into play. At the same time, due to the imperfection of relevant laws and regulations, some scientific research intermediary service institutions have paved the way for counterfeiting, provided false information and harmed the interests of both parties. As a new relationship of mutual trust, interdependence, mutual help, and risks and benefits has not yet been formed among universities,
enterprises and intermediary service institutions in China, although there are thousands of technical fairs and results auctions at all levels and through intermediary service institutions every year, few of them are really effective in transforming scientific research results.
Fourth, the development of venture capital is slow, the venture capital system is lacking, and there is a lack of financial support
The transformation of scientific research achievements is a high-risk activity, which determines that it is difficult to obtain sufficient financial support from conventional commercial channels. For colleges and universities, they do not have the financial strength to transform themselves. For enterprises, facing the great pressure of taking on high risks, they often flinch from many high-tech achievements. For financial institutions, for safety reasons, most of them are reluctant to lend funds to the transformation of scientific research achievements with long transformation period, high technical risk and market risk. In addition, the investment of government funds in the transformation of scientific research achievements is also very limited. In this way, the establishment of venture capital mechanism has become an important "incubator" and financing channel for the transformation of scientific research achievements. Venture capital has been in China for more than ten years, but due to various reasons in policy and system, the development of venture capital industry is relatively slow. According to relevant statistics, among the scientific research achievements that have been successfully transformed in China, 56% of the funds are self-raised and 26% of the national scientific research plan, while venture capital only accounts for 2.3%. On the contrary, in the United States, at least 5% of high-tech enterprises have been helped by venture capital.
Fifth, the reform of scientific research system is lagging behind, and the role of government is absent
From the practice at home and abroad, the government plays an important role in the transformation of scientific research achievements. In China, the Economic Commission, the Science and Technology Commission and the Education Department are in charge of economic work, scientific research and education respectively. For a long time, there has been a lack of integrated overall development planning and unified organization and coordination among them, and the role of the government has been seriously weakened. At present, although the government has formulated a series of laws and preferential policies for the transformation of scientific research achievements into real productive forces, the supporting measures of the banking, taxation and industrial and commercial administrative departments are weak, and the government has not really played an important role in guiding and coordinating the transformation of scientific research achievements, which is a good external market condition for rapid transformation of scientific research achievements. At the same time, the internal reform of scientific research institutions is relatively backward, lacking scientific incentive and restraint mechanisms, which affects the transformation of scientific research results. The lag of scientific research system reform and the absence of government's role have brought great negative effects on the transformation of scientific research achievements in essence, leaving a large number of scientific research achievements outside enterprises and markets.
Third, some suggestions on promoting and improving the transformation of scientific research achievements in many universities in our country
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. However, scientific research achievements must go through a successful transformation process before they can be transformed from potential productivity to realistic productivity. With the rapid development of higher education in China, the scientific research achievements of colleges and universities are also increasing rapidly. Among these achievements, apart from some purely theoretical achievements, there are a large number of applied achievements with broad development prospects. In order to promote the transformation of promising research achievements into industrial sectors as soon as possible, so that they can serve the national economic construction and truly play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, in addition to further efforts to improve their own quality level, the following measures should be taken.
(1) change ideas and pay attention to development
In today's world, economic competition and scientific research competition are increasingly closely linked, and the core issue of scientific research is not only the pursuit of the advanced nature of scientific research achievements, but also the pursuit of commercialization, industrialization and marketization of scientific research achievements.