According to general scholars, the Han nationality in China was basically formed in the Han Dynasty. After hundreds of years of war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the struggle between Qin and Han Dynasties in 1978, the population of the Chinese nation was dying, and the people were struggling. After 4 or 5 years' cultivation of Wenjing, a relatively stable national form with the Han nationality as the main body was gradually formed by the time of Emperor Wu. What followed it was the so-called "traitor". Therefore, the traitors can be described as following the nation from beginning to end.
Many people think that Li Ling was the first real traitor. As a general of the Han Dynasty, he was captured, surrendered, married the Xiongnu princess and never returned to the Han Dynasty. In this series of processes, he did not have a noble and just motive.
traitors, as the name implies, are traitors who turn their backs on Han people. As far as the Han dynasty is concerned, anyone who betrayed the interests of the Han dynasty can be classified as a traitor. Since ancient times, China's feudal politics has been an autocratic system imposed from top to bottom. In order to defend their power, the rulers of past dynasties built the national army into an army dedicated to defending themselves, and turned the national culture into a knowledge to defend the legitimacy of their rule. For thousands of years, China's traditional education and traditional ideas require ordinary people and civil servants and military commanders to be unconditionally loyal to the emperor, and they must not question, resist and have the right to abandon. Traitors call them "traitors" and "traitors"; As long as you die, you can be crowned as a loyal minister.
this is of course incorrect. As Gu Yanwu said, the world is the world of all people, not the world of one family name. Therefore, the so-called traitor is, first of all, the concept of a nation and its culture, rather than the concept that is necessarily related to the country. Although they can be unified in a certain period and under certain conditions, there is no necessary connection between them. The definition of a traitor depends on whether his actions betray or ruin the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation with the Han nationality as the main body, rather than whether he is loyal to a certain family. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek was defeated in Taiwan Province and defended the national justice, not a traitor; And people like Wang Ching-wei take it as their duty to betray the interests of the Chinese nation, so everyone is angry at the same time, and everyone has to punish them.
Li Ling became a traitor because she didn't die. But Li Ling was not the only one who surrendered in the Han Dynasty. Even Li Guangli, who was trusted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, later surrendered to the Huns. Li Ling was one of the most famous generals who surrendered, not only because he was the grandson of Li Guang, a flying general, but also because of his high military ability, more because Sima Qian, the most famous historian in history, was imprisoned, so Li Ling was crowned as the "first traitor", not the first traitor, but the first traitor.
Wang Fuzhi, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, is a famous critic of Li Ling in history. Wang Fuzhi, a native of Hengyang, Hunan Province, lived in seclusion in Shichuanshan, Hengyang in his later years, and scholars honored him as Mr. Chuanshan. He was born in the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1619) and was an imperial examiner in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642-Renwu). After the death of Ming Dynasty, he took part in the struggle against Qing Dynasty in Nanming. Later, he gave up his political activities and retired from the countryside. Under extremely difficult conditions, he ended up writing dozens of books, reaching more than 3 volumes. In his magnum opus "Reading as a Mirror" (which is Wang Fuzhi's notes on reading Sima Guang's historical magnum opus "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"), he made a very sharp criticism of Li Ling, and even Sima Qian, who defended him, also made a painful remark.
However, judging from what Li Ling did later, he really didn't deserve to wear the "high hat" of "traitor", because he didn't make any contribution to the Huns, on the contrary, he could complain with good deeds and secretly helped the Han army in his only battle with the Han army. Compared with Wu Sangui, who was "angry and a beauty", Li Ling was really an "undercover" who infiltrated the enemy. Where were the traitors?
Wu Sangui led the Qing soldiers into the pass, which laid half of the country for the Qing Dynasty. Later, he personally hanged Emperor Yongli of Nanming. Even Wu Sangui was later rehabilitated, thinking that it was too harsh to call Wu Sangui a "traitor" and a "traitor". He had no choice but to surrender to the Qing army. When Shi Kefa, a famous national hero in our history, defended Yangzhou, Dourgen persuaded him to surrender. Shi Kefa replied, "In a few days, he ordered the jurist to go north and make an expedition to the west. Suddenly, it was reported that my general, Wu Sangui, borrowed troops from your country to break away the traitor, and made a funeral ceremony for me after the emperor, cleared the palace, and ordered me to shave my hair to show that I would not forget this dynasty. Such actions have revived the ancient times. Anyone who is a courtier of Daming is always eager to go north, paying homage and increasing his forehead, but as the Ming Yu said, gratitude is enough! I would like to treat the basket in August and send an envoy to the teacher; I also want to plead for a grand cut, and even the soldiers will discuss it in the west. It is based on Julian Waghann and repeated Jianghuai. "
(Shi Kefa is a typical scholar, lacking military talent, but occupying the post of minister of war, and later assuming the post of Yangzhou inspector. After the destruction of Yangzhou City, the Qing soldiers were angry with Shi Kefa for his tenacious resistance and wantonly massacred the city, about 8, people were killed, which was called "Yangzhou 1th Day" in history, and it was a very tragic history. When Shi Kefa was guarding Yangzhou, the world was already doomed, so some people later blamed Shi Kefa's meaningless resistance for the killing of 8, people in Yangzhou. )
This passage by Shi Kefa is the best defense for Wu Sangui to lead the Qing soldiers into the customs. The implication is that if I were Wu Sangui in Shi Kefa, I would do the same. Wu Sangui did the right thing by leading the Qing soldiers into the customs. Shi Kefa's attitude is consistent with that of Nanming, that is to say, the heirs of Ming Dynasty, including the imperial court and ministers, understood and agreed with Wu Sangui's introduction of Qing soldiers into the customs. There is nothing wrong with this strategically. If Wu Sangui doesn't lead the Qing soldiers into Shanhaiguan and stick to Shanhaiguan, he will die at the hands of Li Zicheng's Dashun Army. Once Li Zicheng troops hold Shanhaiguan, block the invasion of Manchu, or even make peace with Manchu, recuperate and accumulate strength, Nanming will be in jeopardy.
the characteristic of the feudal era is that all actions are not based on the concept of fairness and justice, but on family interests. When there is a conflict between families, because there is no unified standard of transcendental justice, we have to use force to decide whose interests to keep-this is called winning and losing. Emperors of past dynasties are just representatives of the families that became kings, and Twenty-four History is just a history of twenty-four surnames. However, in China's traditional morality, the representative of the interests, the emperor's incompetence or outright dereliction of duty, was ignored. Morality had no constraint on the emperor at all, but simply and rudely demanded all people's unconditional loyalty until things deteriorated to hopeless. This will always lead to tyranny replacing tyranny, which is the weakness of dynasties from generation to generation.
another point, after the Qin dynasty unified the world, it merged all ethnic groups in the four directions, that is, the so-called Dongyi, Xirong, Nanman and Beidi. After about 4 years in the Han Dynasty, there was a Han nationality. Later, it was continuously integrated into the blood of all ethnic groups in the north, and today's "Han nationality" came into being. The Huns, the first enemy of the Han nationality, were mostly integrated into the Han nationality. So that at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Hun, proclaimed himself emperor according to the Han Dynasty built by Pingyang. He claimed to be a descendant of Liu, the royal family of the Han Dynasty, and kept saying "I was a great grandfather and a great emperor" and "I was a great emperor of Guangwu", in order to recover the ancestral home of the Han family for decades. Since it is the Han family sooner or later, what's the point of accusing Li Ling of being a "traitor"?
hoo.