1, bromine water: application principle: (1) physical properties solubility (extraction): straight-run gasoline, benzene and homologues, liquid alkanes, carbon tetrachloride and other organic substances are mixed with bromine water respectively, and after shaking and standing, bromine enters the organic layer, making the water layer nearly colorless. (2) Chemical properties include addition reaction (with unsaturated hydrocarbons such as olefins, alkynes, dienes, etc. Decolorizing bromine water), oxidation reaction (decolorizing bromine water with substances containing aldehyde groups, and distinguishing glucose and fructose with dilute bromine water) and substitution reaction (reacting with phenol, etc. Discoloring bromine water and producing white precipitate).
2. Acidic potassium permanganate solution: application principle: its strong oxidation. (1) Organic compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds in the molecular structure can make it fade. (2) Organic substances containing hydroxyl and aldehyde groups (reducing substances such as alcohol, aldehyde, glucose, maltose, etc.) can make it fade. (3) Homologous benzene can make it fade.
3. Newly made copper oxide suspension for hydrogen production: application principle: (1) Its oxidation makes substances containing aldehyde groups (aldehyde, formic acid, formate, glucose, maltose, etc. ) generates red precipitate after heating in alkaline environment.
4. New silver ammonia solution: application principle: its oxidation makes substances containing aldehyde groups (aldehyde, formic acid, formate, glucose, maltose, etc. ) generate a silver mirror after heating in an alkaline environment.
5. Water: application principle: it is applied to the identification of water-insoluble organic matter with different densities.
6. Silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid: application principle: used to test halogen atoms in halogenated hydrocarbons.
7, iron ion solution (commonly used ferric chloride solution). Application principle: it reacts with phenol to make the solution turn purple. 8. Iodized water: Application principle: Iodine turns blue when combined with starch.
9. Litmus: application principle: organic matter with strong acidity (lower hydroxyl acid) makes purple litmus test solution or wet blue litmus test solution turn red.
10, sodium: application principle: organic compounds containing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the molecular structure can generally react with them to generate hydrogen.
1 1. sodium carbonate solution: application principle: organic substances with strong acidity (lower carboxylic acid and benzene sulfonic acid) can generally react with them to generate carbon dioxide.
12, sodium hydroxide solution: application principle: phenols and carboxylic acids with low solubility in water react with sodium hydroxide to form soluble sodium salts.