"Integration" is explained in "Modern Chinese Dictionary" as "integration", which means to concentrate and combine the good and essence parts of a certain type of things to achieve the overall optimal effect. The English word is Integration, which means integration, synthesis, becoming a whole, and integrating. Chinese scholars Zhang Zhengyi and Wu Linhai believe that integration is not simply connecting, stacking, mixing, superimposing, converging, bundling and packaging, but the creative integration of various innovative elements to make them complementary and match each other. As a result, the overall function of the innovation system will undergo qualitative changes and unique innovation capabilities and competitive advantages will be formed.
From a management perspective, integration refers to a creative integration process, that is, injecting creative thinking into the combination of various elements. That is to say, the elements are only generally combined together and cannot be called integration. Only when the elements are actively optimized, selected and matched, and combined with each other in the most reasonable structural form to form an integration composed of suitable elements. , complementary and matching organisms, such a process is called integration. Haifeng et al. proposed from a system perspective that "integration can be understood in a general sense as the collection of two or more elements (units, subsystems) into an organic system. This collection is not a simple addition of elements, but It is the organic combination between elements, that is, the combination and construction according to certain integration rules, with the purpose of improving the overall function of the organic system. "The idea of ??Integration Innovation can be traced back to the innovation first proposed by Joseph Schumpeter in 1912. theory. He believes that innovation is "the establishment of a new production function", that is, the realization of a new combination of production factors and production conditions. This new combination includes the following five forms: introducing new products, introducing new technologies, opening up new markets, and controlling raw materials New sources of supply, new organizations enabling industry. The entire society continues to realize this combination, which promotes economic development.
Theoretical research on integrated innovation began in the 1970s. In order to cope with the challenges brought by the dynamic environment to corporate technological innovation, Dillon, Dosi, Utterback, etc. respectively discussed the comprehensive innovation of corporate technology, organization, system, management, and culture from the perspective of the integration of internal technological innovation elements, and pointed out that improving corporate technological innovation The key to effectiveness lies in rationally coordinating the matching relationships among the above-mentioned elements and exerting a synergistic effect. Their research promotes the spread and development of innovative integration ideas.
In 1982, American scholars R.Nelson and S.Winter put forward the perspective of innovation system evolution inspired by the theory of biological evolution. They believe that the integration of technological innovation processes promotes the optimization of various resource elements and forms an organic whole with an appropriate structure that is conducive to the complementary advantages of resource elements. Freeman conducts comprehensive innovation research on technology, organization, system, management, and culture on a broader scale. He believes that technological innovation in the economic sense includes "new products, new processes, new systems, and new equipment in the form of This shows that the integration trend of innovation management is becoming more and more obvious, and the ideas and principles of integration are gradually being promoted and applied in the practice of science and technology management.
In 1998, Harvard University professor Marco Iansiti proposed the concept of "Technology Integration", which is recognized by most scholars as the first introduction of the concept of integrated innovation. He believes that "the application of good resources, tools and problem-solving methods through organizational processes is called technology integration, which provides a huge impetus for improving R&D performance." Nancy Staudenmayer defines integrated innovation as the process of systematically organizing internal and external superior resources (such as technology, knowledge, information, etc.) according to social and market needs to produce technological inventions and innovative products with multiplier functions. Philip Sadler believes that in today's enterprise innovation management, building flexible organizational structures, processes and innovative cultures to quickly respond to environmental changes is more conducive to integrated innovation. This shows that in the field of innovation management, the trend from differentiation to integration of higher-level integration and technological innovation with organizations and systems is becoming clearer.
H.K.Tang pointed out that the central problem to be solved by integrated innovation thinking is not the technology supply itself, but the disconnect between increasingly abundant and complex technical resources and practical applications. The logical starting point of integrated innovation is to grasp the demand link of technology. Create a match between creating products that meet demand and abundant supply of technical resources. Based on the research results of Marco Iansiti, Best proposed the concept of "system integration" from the perspective of national economy and regional development, and conducted a study on Intel Corporation as a case study. The study confirmed that system integration is not only the driving force for the development of new products in enterprises, but also the driving force for new product development. The way in which enterprise production is organized. Best's "system integration" further clarifies the universal applicability of the "integration" model or method.
Chinese scholars have focused on research on integrated innovation since the 1990s. Research results on integrated innovation have gradually been formed. Among them, the "Enterprise Innovation System" research completed by Xu Qingrui and Chen Jin; the "Integrated Innovation Analysis Framework and Evaluation" completed by Jiang Hui and Chen Jin; and the "Comprehensive Innovation Management" proposed by Xu Qingrui, etc., can all be recognized as enterprise integration. The rudiment of management. Integrated innovation is the creative integration of various innovation elements to match each other, thereby making a qualitative leap in the overall function of the innovation system and forming unique innovation capabilities and competitive advantages. Li Wenbo and Zheng Wenzhe believe that integrated innovation is when the innovation subject optimizes and integrates the innovation elements with each other in the most reasonable structural form to form an organic whole with multiplication of functions and adaptability to evolution. The organization creates business innovation and competitive advantages through learning. Create a management order. Jin Jun and Zou Rui believe that integrated innovation is the optimization and selection of innovative actors, which are combined with each other in the most reasonable structural form to form an organism composed of suitable elements that complement each other's advantages and match each other. An independent innovation process that leads to a qualitative change in the overall organic function.
On the basis of studying and analyzing the basic principles, methods and models of product innovation integration in modern enterprises, Zhuang Yue et al. proposed that product innovation is the integration of multiple technologies, information and management. From the industrial level, Hu Hanhui and others used the idea of ??integrated innovation to design the evolution path of industrial clusters and explained the formation mechanism of industrial clusters. Through research on the development of enterprise clusters, Wei Jiang et al. concluded that the key to cultivating the competitiveness of clusters is that clusters can obtain innovation integration effects, and analyzed the implementation mechanism, action mechanism and dynamic mechanism of innovation integration in enterprise clusters. Hu Shuhua discussed the principles and methods of integrated product innovation in modern enterprises and believed that product innovation is the integration of multiple technologies, information, and management. From the perspective of matching the technology supply and demand of integrated innovation, Mu Ling and Lu Feng proposed starting from the demand link and integrating various technical resources through open product construction and enterprise interaction models to achieve integrated innovation. Zhang Huasheng and Xue Lan analyzed the related issues of integrated innovation from the perspective of integrated innovation paradigm; Xibao and Yang Tingshuang analyzed the model of integrated innovation from the aspects of integration methods and integrated process management of integrated innovation. These studies have analyzed integrated innovation from different angles and levels. The mechanism has been studied and many valuable insights have been put forward.
In addition, my country has gradually discovered in case studies of technological innovation that the integration of various elements in technological innovation is an important condition for ensuring the effectiveness of technological innovation. The theoretical source of integrated innovation is the technological innovation proposed by Marco iansiti in 1998. Early integrated innovation was mainly centered on technological innovation. However, with the rapid development of economic globalization, information technology and the Internet, With the complexity of development and enterprise living environment, the components of integrated innovation are also constantly changing. Integrated innovation not only focuses on technology, but also considers organizational, strategic, knowledge and other aspects. Integrated innovation is a further extension of technological integration and is the integration of products, production processes, innovation processes, technology and business strategies, industrial network structures and market innovations.
Ragatz proposed the management authority, status and role of strategic integration in enterprise integrated innovation. He believes that to achieve the requirements and goals of enterprise technology integration innovation, it is intuitively important to implement correct strategic integration. Freeman has carried out comprehensive innovation research on technology, organization, system, management and culture in a wider scope. Dillon, Dosi, and Utterback respectively discussed the comprehensive innovation of enterprise technology, organization, system, management, and culture from the perspective of integration of internal technological innovation elements.
Chinese scholars have made corresponding improvements and modifications to the components of integrated innovation based on my country's actual situation and the characteristics of enterprise development. Ou Guangjun and Hu Shuhua proposed an integrated dynamic innovation model from four levels: technology integration, knowledge integration, organizational integration, and management integration. In order to analyze and study the mechanism by which enterprises form integrated innovation, Jiang Hui and Chen Jin considered three levels of internal operation of enterprises - technology integration, knowledge integration and organizational integration as the elements that constitute enterprise integrated innovation. On the basis of analyzing the theoretical connotation of enterprise integrated innovation, Li Wenbo and Zheng Wenzhe divided the components of integrated innovation into four aspects: technology, strategy, knowledge, and organization. Huang Yujie, Li Chen, and Tian Yangzhuo divided the integrated innovation of enterprises into the integrated innovation of various elements within the enterprise and the network integrated innovation between enterprises. Among them, the integrated innovation of various elements within the enterprise that is consistent with the research of this article includes integrated innovation of technology, integrated innovation of management functions and integrated innovation of the enterprise as a whole.
Shi Xianrui, Jin Li, and Kong Wei believe that enterprise integrated innovation capability is the ability of enterprises to achieve corporate competitiveness through integrated innovation models. Enterprise integrated innovation capability is a capability system connected by various capability elements, including Strategic integration capabilities, knowledge generation capabilities, and organizational integration capabilities. Zhao Guanghui believes that integrated innovation is a system as a whole that includes production, operation, management, organization and other aspects. It is a process of integrating and integrating various elements of the enterprise. Sun Jinmei and Huang Qing divided the elements of integrated innovation into six aspects: strategic integration, technology integration, knowledge integration, resource and capability integration, organizational integration and time integration. (1) Technology integration innovation, develop new products according to market demand, organize relevant technical units to integrate innovation, and enable new products to enter the market quickly.
(2) Service integration innovation allows enterprises in the same industry or the same supply chain to enter the large market and integrate logistics, capital flow, information flow and other organizations to improve market operating efficiency.
(3) Resource integration innovation integrates the advantageous resources of different enterprises to achieve mutual benefit, such as cooperation between enterprises with sufficient funds and enterprises with good projects and operational capabilities.
(4) Platform integration innovation integrates organizational platforms with different functions such as suppliers, customers, partners, etc. into an organic organization, greatly improving its overall efficiency. From the perspective of the development of natural sciences, Japan is undoubtedly a model for underdeveloped countries. On the basis of effectively learning and comprehensively integrating Western technology, they rapidly promoted national industrialization and became an important developed country that dominates the world economy. From the perspective of Japan's scientific and technological development path, compared with the United States, Japan's basic research is relatively weak, and there is a certain gap between Japan and the United States in original innovation. Whether it is a "technology-based country" or a "patent-based country", Japan emphasizes technology integration, is product development-oriented, and comprehensively integrates existing technologies to develop products that can obtain commercial value.
After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Japanese government implemented the three major national policies of "civilization", "colonization and development of industry" and "enriching the country and strengthening the army", began to comprehensively learn from the modern scientific and technological achievements of the West, and gradually established a modern scientific and technological system and science and technology management system, and mainly pursues science and technology policies with the core of enhancing military strength. In the 1950s, a number of modern enterprises emerged in Japan, which paid great attention to the digestion and absorption of imported technologies (such as tape recorders, semiconductor transistors, vinylon, oxygen top-blown converters, etc.) and digestion and absorption technologies. In the 1960s, Japan gradually shifted from introduction and imitation to innovation, and proposed the famous "National Income Doubling Plan." In the 1970s, Japan developed government-industry-academic cooperation organizations in the form of "research combinations" in its science and technology system, successfully seizing the new technological revolution and industrial revolution. Since the 1980s, the process of independent innovation has been accelerated as a whole. The Ministry of International Trade, Industry and Industry and the Agency for Science and Technology jointly proposed the slogan of "Founding a Nation through Science and Technology", aiming to enhance the people's sense of crisis, and at the same time encourage citizens and scientific researchers to display their creativity and perseverance to mobilize the country's efforts to cooperate with the world led by Europe and the United States. Countries compete. According to statistics, at this stage, Japan has basically realized the transformation from imitation innovation to independent innovation. According to statistics, from 1982 to 1986, Japan's introduction of cutting-edge technology increased by 86%, of which software increased by 103% and hardware increased by 69%; from 1986 to 1990, the three indicators were 91%, 153% and 16% respectively; in 1990 By 1992, the three indicators had dropped to 9%, 7% and 2% respectively.
This is due to the rapid development that Japan’s room for technology introduction has become smaller and smaller. In the process of economic restructuring, Japan must enhance the competitiveness of its industry and even the country through independent innovation.
Japan has gone through a path from introduction, imitation to integrated innovation. After World War II, Japan promulgated the "Enterprise Rationalization Promotion Law", which stipulated that all enterprises importing machinery and introducing technology would be exempted from tax. From the mid-1940s to the late 1950s, Japan introduced an average of about 230 projects per year, reaching a peak of 580 projects. In the 1960s, Japan began to adjust and upgrade its industrial structure, shifting from the introduction of entire projects to the introduction of key technologies. An average of 1,000 technologies were introduced every year, with a peak of 1,744 introduced in 1968. At the same time, Japan began to focus on digestion and imitation, and to avoid repeated introductions, it put forward the slogan of "Introducing the No. 1 unit and making the No. 2 unit domestically". In the 1970s, large Japanese companies had accumulated considerable capabilities and began to focus on the introduction of laboratory technology, and the proportion of mature technology introductions was greatly reduced. In the 1990s, Japan had basically completed its mission of catching up with developed countries in Europe and the United States, and established the policy of "building a nation through technology." During this period, Japanese companies actively went overseas. Domestic corporate headquarters mainly carried out high-profit activities such as research and development and design, and successfully realized the transformation from introduction and imitation to integrated innovation. Japan's scientific research policy mainly focuses on independent scientific research and development, and technology introduction projects have been reduced to a certain extent, focusing on high-tech fields such as communications, computers, and bioengineering. Japan's national science and technology innovation policy is characterized by "taking the reform of the scientific research system as the main line", which mainly includes the following points:
(1) Implement the "Basic Science and Technology Plan". In 1995, Japan promulgated and implemented the new Basic Science and Technology Law, which had a profound impact on the Japanese science and technology community. Under this influence, Japan began to implement the "Basic Science and Technology Plan" in a continuous five-year cycle. From 1995 to 2005, Japan has completed two phases of the "Basic Science and Technology Plan". The main contents include: strengthening industry-university-research cooperation; promoting the establishment of new venture enterprises based on technology seeds or ideas from universities or research institutions; significantly increasing Postdoctoral scholarship quota, increase support for young researchers; improve the mobility of researchers; increase competitive research funding, more concentrated use of research funds; increase government R&D resources.
(2) Change national research institutions into independent administrative legal persons. In 2001, Japan implemented the "Second Science and Technology Basic Plan" and began to reform national research institutions. The main measures include: changing the legal status of national research institutions into independent administrative legal persons, improving the flexibility of each institution in terms of personnel and financial management; canceling research The civil servant status of institutional employees, giving research institutions full freedom to enter into employment contracts according to their own needs; allowing research institutions to receive funding from the private sector (previously prohibited); changing the annual detailed annual work plans and budgets of research institutions by competent ministries and departments practices; the competent provincial departments conduct regular assessments of independent administrative legal persons, and the assessment results will affect the allocation of government resources.
(3) Legalization of national universities. In April 2004, Japan began the reform of national universities as independent administrative legal persons. Specific measures include: from the legal status point of view, national universities become independent administrative legal persons and are no longer part of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; from the perspective of the total amount of government funding, The total amount of funding that national universities receive from the government has not changed significantly; in terms of the number of national universities, the Japanese government has made it clear that it will reduce the number of national universities in the future, leading to the merger of national universities (such as the merger of medical universities into universities that lack medical schools) .
(4) Increase competitive research funding. The "Second Science and Technology Basic Plan" stipulates that the total amount of government competitive research funds will be doubled within five years. In 2000, the proportion of competitive research funding increased from only 9% to approximately 18% in 2003.
(5) Determine four priority areas and four additional areas. Four priority areas including life sciences, ICT, environment and nanotechnology/materials account for approximately 45% of total government R&D expenditure; four additional areas including energy, manufacturing technology, social infrastructure and frontier areas (space and ocean) account for 38% of total government R&D expenditure. In addition, Japan has also formulated a series of measures to promote the reform of the scientific research system, such as allowing corporate researchers to apply for scientific research subsidies; strengthening the training of young scholars and training 10,000 postdoctoral fellows every year.