According to the "Solid Food Letter", Qin Xiaogong held the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his subjects stuck to it to get a glimpse of Zhou, with the intention of sweeping the world, including the whole world, and annexing the Eight Wastes. When the time comes, Shang Jun should help it, legislate internally, cultivate and maintain the tools of war; Against the prince outside the company. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River.
Without filial piety, Huiwen and Wu He were left behind. Because of their legacy, Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, fertile land in the east and key counties in the north. The vassal States were afraid, and they sought to weaken the state of Qin through alliance, without cherishing precious land, so that the people of the world United and became one with each other. At this time, there are Meng Chang, Zhao Pingyuan, Chu Chunshen and Wei Xinling. These four monarchs are all wise, faithful, generous, caring, respecting virtuous people, and all of them are from Korea, Wei, Yan, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. So the people of the six countries, including Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin and Du He, worked for it, followed by Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi, and friends such as Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She. Taste ten times the land, a million teachers, and attack Qin. The Qin people switched on and off to delay the enemy, and the division of the Nine Kingdoms wandered around and dared not enter. Wu Qin's death cost him a lot of money, and the world is in trouble. So he was defeated from the loose contract and bribed Qin to cede territory. Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing after death and driving north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding profusely. Take advantage of the trend, slaughter the world and split the rivers and mountains. Strong countries please submit, weak countries enter the DPRK.
Show filial piety to King Wen and King Xiang Zhuang, and enjoy the country's short life and nothing to do with it.
When Emperor Fen VI was fierce, he made a long-term plan, captured the palace, swallowed the princes who died within two weeks, ruled by the supreme, established Liuhe, lashed the world, and made the world famous. Take the land of Baiyue in the south as Guilin and Xiang Jun. Baiyue Wang bowed his head and tightened his neck, appointing officials. So Meng Tian built the Great Wall and guarded the fence in the north, but the Huns were more than 700 miles away. The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. So let's abolish Wang Zhidao and burn the words of a hundred schools of thought. Capture famous cities, kill heroes, gather soldiers from all over the world, gather in Xianyang, sell dysprosium, and cast it into twelve gold people to weaken the people all over the world. Then, Jianhua will become a city, because the river is a pool. According to the city of 100 million feet, it will be strong because of the unexpected abyss. A good general guards the key; Chen Libing, a loyal minister, who is it? The world is set, and the emperor's heart begins, thinking that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of the emperor will always have a career.
I have been shocked by this unusual custom since the first emperor died. Chen She, the son of Weng Huan's rope pivot, is a self-insurance officer and a refugee; Talents are not as good as middlemen, not the sages of Zhong Ni and Mo Zhai, but the wealth of Tao Zhu and Yidun. Cui Deli was stubborn among the ranks and buildings, and hundreds of people turned to attack Qin, cut firewood for soldiers, unveiled the banner, and the world gathered to respond, grabbing food and chasing the scenery. Shandong Haojun rose together and Qin family died.
Moreover, the world is not small and weak, and Yongzhou is solid and self-sufficient; Chen She's position is not respected by Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. Thorns are hoed, not long shovels of hooks; Many people are not teachers of the Nine Kingdoms; Visionary, marching with troops, not for the people of the times. However, there are differences between success and failure, and vice versa. Try to make Lu and Chen She bigger and bigger, and we can't talk about it in the same year. However, in the Qin Dynasty, the territory was small, but it became a thousand times larger, and the eight countries were juxtaposed, which has been more than a hundred years. Then take Liuhe as home and faith as palace. Water under the bridge, but difficult to be alone. Unscrupulous attack and defense are also different!
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It occupies the rugged terrain of Xiaoshan and Hangu Pass, and has the land of Yongzhou, which is firmly guarded by the monarch and ministers, in order to spy on the Zhou royal family, with the intention of sweeping the world, conquering Kyushu, sweeping the four seas and annexing remote places on all sides. At that time, Shang Jun assisted him to establish internal laws and regulations, vigorously cultivate textiles, and build defense and offensive equipment; Carrying out the strategy of overseas balance of power made Shandong governors fight against each other. In this way, the Qin people easily seized the land outside the Xihe River.
After Xiao Gong's death, Huiwen Wang and Wang (successively) inherited the existing inheritance and followed the strategy of the previous generation, seizing Hanzhong in the south, annexing Pakistan and Shu in the west, cutting fertile land in the east and occupying key counties and cities in the north. Frightened, the governors held a meeting to form an alliance and tried to weaken Qin. Don't be stingy with rare and precious utensils and fertile land. They are used to attract outstanding talents from all over the world, form alliances and covenants, and form an organic whole. At this time, there were Qi, Zhao, Chu, Chun Shenjun and Wei, Xin Lingjun. These four monarchs are wise, resourceful, sincere and trustworthy, generous to others, and have great respect for talented people. (They) broke Lian Heng's anti-Qin strategy with the agreement of alliance, and formed an alliance with the armies of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. At this time, people from the six countries were Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Doukhi and others, Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Slow, Zhai Jing, Su Li, Le Yi and others (for the country), Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She. They once went to Hanguguan to attack Qin with ten times as much land and a million troops. The National People's Congress of Qin opened its doors wide and led the enemy deep, but the troops of the nine countries hesitated and dared not enter the customs. The Qin people did not lose an arrow, and the princes of the world were in panic. As a result, the treaty was dissolved, and the vassal States scrambled to cede territory and bribe Qin. The State of Qin has the spare capacity to use their weaknesses to subdue them and catch up with the defeated troops. Millions of defeated soldiers are lying dead on the road, with rivers of blood and big shields floating. In this favorable situation, (Qin people) cut off the land under the world and (re-) divided the land of mountains and rivers. A strong country gives in, and a weak country goes to Qin (on time) to worship.
When King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang succeeded to the throne in turn, their rule time was not long, and nothing important happened in Qin.
By the time of the first emperor, he had greatly developed the achievements of the first six generations of monarchs, wielded a whip to control the whole of China, wiped out all the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty and vassal States, ascended the noblest throne to rule the world, persecuted the people of the whole country with various instruments of torture, and made a great impact on the world. Taking Baiyue's land to the south and dividing it into Guilin County and Xiang Jun County, Baiyue's monarch bowed his head and tied a rope around his neck, leaving his life to the lower officials of Qin. So (again) Meng Tian was sent north to build the Great Wall, guarding the border and repelling the Huns for more than 700 miles; Hu people (again) dare not come to the south to graze, and warriors dare not bow and shoot arrows for revenge. Then he abolished the ancient emperors' way of governing the country and burned hundreds of works in order to make the people ignorant; Destroy famous cities and kill heroes; Collect all the weapons in the world, concentrate them in Xianyang, remove sharp swords and arrows, and use them to cast twelve gold men, weakening the resistance of the people. Then set foot on Huashan Mountain to repair the city wall and use the Yellow River as a moat, with a wall 100 million feet high and an incalculable abyss on it as a solid fortification. Excellent generals guard the key points with strong crossbows, and reliable officials and elite foot soldiers question passers-by with sharp weapons. The world is set, and the first emperor thought that the dangerous and solid terrain in Guanzhong and the iron wall of Fiona Fang thousands of miles away were the imperial inheritance of later generations.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, his afterglow (still) shocked remote areas. However, Chen She was just a poor boy. He used a broken urn as a window and a straw rope as a hinge. He protected himself and was a servant, and later became a pawn who was moved to the border. Talent is not as good as the middle class, morality is not as good as Kong Qiu and Mo Zhai, and wealth is not as good as Tao Zhu and Yidun. In the ranks of defenders, he suddenly rose from the field, led tired soldiers, commanded hundreds of troops, turned around and attacked Qin, cut down trees as weapons, held bamboo poles as flags, and the whole world gathered like a cloud, echoing him from afar, and followed him like a shadow with food. Heroes to the east of Xiaoshan revolted together and wiped out the Qin family.
Besides, the world has not become smaller and weaker, and the topography of Yongzhou, the precipitousness and firmness of Lushan Mountain and Hanguguan are still the same as before. Chen She's position is not higher than that of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhong Shan. Hoe stick is not sharper than hook spear; The pawns who moved to the frontier were not much better than the troops of the nine countries; (As for) farsightedness and the strategy of marching troops, (Chen She) can't compare with the military commanders and counselors of the Nine Kingdoms. But those with good conditions failed, those with poor conditions succeeded, and their achievements were completely opposite. Why? If we compare Shandong with Chen She and measure their strength, it will be a different world. However, Qin, with its tiny place, has developed into a country full of chariots and horses, attracting eight governors to worship themselves for more than 100 years. Then take the world as private possession, and take Lushan Mountain and Hanguguan as palace walls; A garrison soldier attacked and destroyed seven temples of the Emperor of Heaven. All the grandchildren died at the hands of others and were laughed at by the whole world. What is the reason? The offensive and defensive situation has changed because benevolence and righteousness have not been implemented.
On accumulation and storage
Notes on the title or background of a book.
This article was written in 178 BC, that is, the second year of Wendi. At that time, due to the long-term war in the Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed and the price of rice was expensive, which remained unchanged until the time of Emperor Wendi. Jia Yi felt this and wrote "On Storage and Sparse" to persuade the emperor to attach importance to agricultural production and store food. Sparse, antique, emperor throne.
original text
The pipe said, "You know the manners in the barn." Those who can be treated because there are few people have never tasted it since ancient times. The ancients said: "A husband does not plow or suffers from hunger; Women don't knit or get cold. " Born with the degree of death, material resources are bent. Ancient times ruled the world, taking fiber as knowledge, so its livestock were sufficient. Today, people eat too much, which is a big defect in the world. Growing profligacy is the biggest thief in the world. If the remnant thief does business, stop it or stop it, his life will be wide. Few people were born and many were destroyed. What is the wealth in the world? Han has been in Han for decades, and public and private disadvantages are particularly sad. When time is lost, people care about wolves; You can't go into evil at the age of 20, so please sell the official and the son. Now I've heard that An Youwei is in danger, no accident!
There is hunger in the world, there is a line in heaven, and jade and Tang are destroyed. That is, unfortunately suffered from a drought of two or three thousand miles, and the whole country sympathized? When the border is in an emergency, the state rewards tens of millions of people. Multiply the soldiers and droughts, and the world will be defeated. A courageous person will gather his disciples and strike a balanced blow, and his husband will win Lao Zi Yi and crush his bones. Politics has not been completed, and people who can doubt from afar are fighting for it at the same time. This is a terrible thing, it will be there!
A husband who hoards goods is a great life in the world. If you have more money than you want, why not! Attack what it takes, abide by its rules, and fight what it wins. Connect with the enemy in the distance, why not move! Nowadays, the peasants who drive the people back are all based on this and let the world eat their own strength. If the people at the end of the road turn to nanmu, the livestock will be enough and people will be happy. Can be rich in the world, can be so proud, can be cherished for your majesty!
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There are three articles about the Qin Dynasty. Among them, the first one is the best and the most influential. It was first attached to the end of Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, and listed as the second article; Later, Chu added Historical Records, which was attached to the end of Chen She Family. This article is also selected from Hanshu and Wenxuan. Jia Yi's monograph "New Book" written today should be compiled by later generations, but this article is clearly marked as the "first part" of three articles. Among the four books, History Book, Korean Book, New Book and Selected Works, this article has five viewpoints, and the words and sentences in the article are quite different.
From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present age, almost all the ancient prose anthologies have chosen the book On Qin (I), so there are many comments on it by predecessors. For example, Yao Nai, a poet in A Qing, rated it as a "majestic and grand boss" in A Collection of Ancient Literary Words, and Wu Kaisheng, a close friend, rated it as "a book full of attention, like a book", summing up the opinions of most critics, mainly saying that this article is full of momentum and is the first "sheng" article in ancient and modern times. Therefore, Wu's opinions are more representative. I want to start with this little article, full of momentum.
From the linguistic point of view, the so-called lively articles often use parallelism or antithesis sentences, and this article is no exception (for example, the second paragraph, from So Six Kingdoms, uses the word "you" first and runs through the next three sentences, and lists a large number of names, that is, parallelism; For example, the following four sentences, every two sentences in pairs, are antithesis. There are compound sentence and antithetical sentences, such as the beginning saying that Qin Xiaogong "swept the world, embraced the universe, embraced the meaning of the four seas, and swallowed up the heart of eight shortages". But this is only understood from the superficial phenomenon. In the famous classical prose, there are many articles that use parallelism or duality, but they are not necessarily full of vigor. For example, Kong Guizhi's "Northern Yi Shan Language" is full of sentences, even broken sentences, but it doesn't feel very angry to read. It can be seen that the use of parallelism and duality is only one of the factors that make the article full of vitality, which belongs to external artistic skills and is not the main factor.
I think there are three reasons why this article is immortal, because it is lively and convincing. The first and most important thing is that although this article is a reasoning article, it takes 78% of the space to describe it. Narrative reasoning can be said to be the biggest feature of this article. The author summed up the history of more than 100 years from Qin Xiaogong to the demise of Qin, and expounded the whole process and main phenomena of the rise and fall of Qin. At the same time, it also runs through the author's own views to explain the key to its rise and fall. This helps us to have a clear understanding of this historical fact. Why does this feature make the article read with momentum? The key points are as follows: 1. The author can express rich content with concise pen and ink, which makes readers feel that a short article actually contains a lot of things, and naturally feels that the article is full and full, and the reading ideas naturally follow the author's pen, which will certainly appear "sheng"; Secondly, Jia Yi's description of the rise and fall of Qin is very organized. He grasped a vertical line, that is, from the rise of Qin Xiaogong to the demise of the Qin Dynasty, the articles were always arranged in chronological order. On the other hand, highlighting a certain point in a certain period of time enables people to see not only the "line", but also the "points" on the "line" described with strong colors. So you can't help pushing down and reading in the order arranged by the author. If he doesn't stop, neither can you. You can't touch the rest if he doesn't make trouble. So it also brings a strong feeling to people.
The second reason why readers feel that the article is full of vigor is another feature of this article: Jia Yi writes reasoning prose by writing fu. Writing Fu requires exaggeration, which Jia Yi can say is adopted throughout. For example, in paragraph 1, the words "sweeping the world", "sweeping", "included" and "annexed" are basically synonyms; "World", "Space", "Four Seas" and "Eight Famines" all mean the same thing. Writing several words with the same meaning in succession is both parallelism and duality, which is an exaggeration of writing fu. In the following paragraphs 2, 4 and 5, there are similar sentences, and the list is endless. The so-called "biography" mainly refers to such sentences. This natural momentum makes readers feel that the author's pen is sharp, aggressive, energetic, persuasive and unstoppable. This is because the author himself is a ci writer. As a writer, Jia Yi is not only a politician, but also a writer. As a work, On Qin also has the artistic characteristics of literary works.
There is a third reason, which is also the third characteristic of this article, that is, the author compares the whole article to the end to write his argument. There is nothing strange about the contrast, but the highlight of this paper lies in four aspects: namely, the contrast of Qin itself, which is first strong and then weak, first prosperous and then declining, and first prosperous and then extinct; Comparison between Qin and Six Countries: Comparison between Qin and Six Countries: Comparison between Chen She and Six Countries. Several contrasts are intertwined, and the structure is natural and magnificent, and the momentum is natural and majestic, and the words are more weighty. The difference between subjective and objective situations and the difficulty of ups and downs of strength are all manifested from several aspects of comparison. The reason why the article is full of gas is not difficult to understand.
Let's make a simple analysis paragraph by paragraph.
The first three paragraphs are mainly written in three aspects: first, several generations of Qin have ambitions; Second, the strength of Qin is getting stronger and stronger; Third, because of Qin's strength, it is not very difficult to unify the world. 1 section emphasizes ambition, section 2 emphasizes strength, and section 3 emphasizes both. The layout and comparison of the whole article start from these three aspects, and the concrete facts run through it, drawing a big outline in general language, which makes the narrative content biased and has the author's own views. For example, "Qin people surrendered and took the Xihe River", "Wu Qin lost the chain", and at the end of the third paragraph, "The heart of the first emperor thought that Guanzhong was solid, Jincheng was thousands of miles away, and the descendants of emperors were eternal", etc., all of which were extremely grand and powerful, and it was not difficult to write about the world. At the same time, the author also wrote another aspect, such as "Four Kings", "Teachers of Nine Countries" and "Men of Six Countries". The more he wrote, the stronger Qin became. This is a way to celebrate the moon. But we feel that the more we write about the power of Qin, the more we see the arrogance and ignorance of Qin; The more you write about Qin's self-confidence, the more you see Qin's subjective one-sidedness; The greater my ambition to write about Qin, the shorter my vision of Qin. Although the author is talking everywhere, he is "preparing" for the discussion in the last paragraph everywhere. Such an article naturally feels full and hearty to read.
I want to focus on paragraph 3 here. At the beginning of the third paragraph, there are only nine words: "the country is shallow, and the country has nothing to do." This is of course a fact. But it's not that there is nothing to write about. However, I don't intend to waste more ink here, but draw a vertical line that runs through all periods of Qin Dynasty. From the aspect of writing, an energetic article cannot but make people breathe. A dozen words at the beginning of the third paragraph made the whole article pause briefly. Gui Youguang, an ancient prose writer in the Ming Dynasty, once said that this is "like people exhaling" (see Gui Youguang's Historical Records Review). Of course, we can't look at the problem in a formalistic way, but insist on inserting a "window" in the article in one go; However, when the article is written here, there is naturally a chance to breathe. It is still necessary to "exhale", and people who learn to write should pay attention.
As I said before, the third paragraph writes Qin Shihuang: ambition and strength, and write at the same time. But paragraph 3 is different from paragraph 2. The second paragraph is written on both sides by positive and negative contrast, and the third paragraph is written on the front, which vividly depicts the strength and ambition of Qin Shihuang. Write more and more. Even at the beginning of the fourth paragraph, there are still two sentences to be added: "The first emperor didn't, I was surprised by the strange customs." Wu Kaisheng criticized: "It is arrogant to add two more sentences." It's like pumping a ball or wheel to the maximum, and then adding two strokes, the natural ball or tire will burst. Then suddenly fell down, not from Chen She, but everywhere praised and criticized Chen She, which made it even harder to write about the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
The last paragraph is "on" and "off". Several aspects are still compared and combined, and then a conclusion is drawn, which is the so-called "off". In order to make the conclusion more solemn, I mentioned Qin again and said it again, ending with "benevolence and righteousness are not applied but the offensive and defensive trends are different." Articles must be able to publish, collect, open and close, and start to look at skills. Jia Yi did this completely in this masterpiece.
Jin Shengtan added a comment to this article in Volume II of "Ancient Talents (Dynasty Part)": "Those who passed Qin also passed Qin. Guo Qin only used the last sentence "benevolence and righteousness don't apply" and took it out of context. ..... As for the six countries mentioned in the first half, this is only a complement to Qin; There was talk about Qin in the second half, but it was just to set off. It is the strangest pen. " This is to the point.
It should be admitted that this article did have a good influence at that time. As a scholar-bureaucrat, Jia Yi certainly made suggestions for the Han Dynasty from the standpoint of the feudal ruling class. However, he was able to recognize the power of the peasant uprising, and realized that the key to the demise of the Qin Dynasty was to lose people's hearts and trust in force too much. The feudal rulers were ambitious, abused the people and were finally eliminated by the people. With this understanding, the ruling class began to consider how to ease social contradictions in order to consolidate its ruling regime. This shows that the peasant uprising really pushed the wheel of historical progress. With Jia Yi's description, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty can really sum up the experience and lessons of the Qin Dynasty from prosperity to decline and from strength to weakness. So while we are learning how to write articles, we are also learning history. It is for this purpose that we read Qin Dynasty (I).
main content
Qin Lun is a historical theoretical work. This paper generally discusses the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty and its reasons, and clearly puts forward the central argument of this paper: "benevolence and righteousness are different." Its purpose is to provide reference for Emperor Wendi's political reform.
Writing characteristics
1. Take historical facts as arguments and viewpoints as command materials. The characteristic of this paper's narration of history is to highly summarize historical facts under the domination of viewpoints. For example, Qin's "taking outside the Xihe River" was the result of Shang Yang's plan to lure Wei to break his army. This paper uses the word "cross" to summarize. In order to clarify his point of view, the author pays attention to the essence of historical process rather than the accuracy of details when describing history.
2. Comparative argumentation. This paper adopts the method of comparative argument from beginning to end, focusing on the fifth paragraph. The contrast between the past and the present of Qin State, the difference between Qin State and Nine States, and the speed ratio between Qin State's prosperity and Qin State's demise highlight the central argument of the article through comparative argumentation.
3. Language has the characteristics of ci, paying attention to layout and rendering. For example, write Qin Xiaogong's ambition at the beginning, and use the words "sweeping the world" and "including space"; The division of the nine countries in the middle attacked Qin, and the four monarchs, nine countries, counselors, strategists and military commanders were listed one by one, which seemed to have momentum; When writing Qin Shihuang, he tried his best to create his own "Weaver Maid in the Sea" style. Dualistic sentences are often used in writing, which are sonorous and powerful to read, and the sentence patterns are changeable but not monotonous.