Cattle herding Liu Ma can be traced back to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. According to Wang Chong's book Lun Heng, Lu Ban, a famous carpenter in Lu State, made a wooden chariot and horse for his old mother Gong Qiao. "The authorities have it and cannot drive it back."
Sheng Guo Mu Niu Liu Ma
Perhaps it was inspired by Luban's wooden chariots and horses. About 700 years later, Zhuge Liang invented the wooden ox and flowing horse in the Three Kingdoms period, and used it to transport rations on the rugged plank road, and "if people don't work hard, cows don't eat." Compared with Wang Chong's few words about Luban's wooden chariots and horses, the descriptions of Zhuge Liang's wooden horses and horses in The History of the Three Kingdoms are vivid, vivid and extremely detailed. But I don't know why, Chen Shou and Luo Guanzhong said nothing about the principle and technology of making Liu Ma.
The one hundred and twentieth chapter of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Sima Yi occupied Wei Qiao in the north, and Zhuge Liang was a wooden ox and a flowing horse", describes that Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times and captured Meng Huo seven times, which had a great influence on the Central Plains. He invented a new type of transportation called "Mu Niu Liu Ma", which solved the problem of grain and grass transportation for hundreds of thousands of troops. This tool is more advanced than it is now. It does not need energy and will not cause an energy crisis.
The method of making a wooden cow is like this: "Square belly and curved head, one foot and four feet; The head is in the collar and the tongue is in the abdomen. Take more and do less: a single traveler is dozens of miles, and a group traveler is twenty miles. The machete is a cow's head, two are cow's feet, the horizontal one is a cow's collar, the rotating one is a cow's foot, the square one is a cow's belly, the tongue is hung, the machete is a cow's rib, the carving knife is a cow's tooth, the vertical one is a cow's horn, and the thin one is a cow's martingale. The photographer is a cow's autumn axis. Cattle head up, six steps, cattle four steps. Each cow carries food for ten people for a month. If people don't work hard, cows don't eat. " The floating horse method says, "The rib is three feet and five inches long, three inches wide and two inches thick: the left and right sides are the same." The front axle hole is divided into four inches and two inches in diameter. The front foot hole is divided into two inches, the front axle hole is four inches and five minutes, and the width is one inch. The front bumper hole is divided into two inches and seven points except the front foot hole. The hole is two inches long and one inch wide. The rear axle hole is divided into one foot and five minutes without the front bumper, and the size is the same as before. The rear foot hole is divided into ink, and the rear shaft hole is three inches and five minutes, the size is the same as before. The rear bumper hole is divided into two inches and seven points when removing the foot hole, and the rear bumper hole is divided into four inches and five points. The front bumper is one foot eight inches long, two inches wide and one inch thick for five minutes. Rear bumper and so on. Two square capsules, eight minutes thick, two feet seven inches long, one foot six inches five minutes high and one foot six inches wide: each capsule holds two meters and three buckets. Remove seven inches from the rib hole: the same before and after. The upper hole is one foot three inches, the hole is one inch five minutes long and seven minutes wide: the eight holes are the same. The front and rear feet are two inches wide and one inch and a half thick. The shovel is shaped like an elephant, four inches long and four inches and three minutes in diameter. The tripod in the aperture is two feet one inch long, one inch five minutes wide and one inch four minutes thick, which is the same as the lever ear. "
Zhuge Liang made wooden horses and cattle to transport grain and grass. Since ancient times, there has been no conclusion about what a wooden cow is like. There are various statements, but none of them is more in line with the original state. I think the reason is that machinery is not familiar with history, and machinery manufacturers have no habit of textual research.
Cattle herding Liu Ma in the Southern and Northern Dynasties
More than 200 years later, Zu Chongzhi, a genius of science and technology in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, is said to have recreated the wooden ox and flowing horse. It's hard to understand that he didn't leave a photo message.
explore
First, read the introduction of Muniu Liuma in the book: the head is bent and the abdomen is square, with one foot and four feet, the head is at the collar, the tongue is in the abdomen, and the load is more and the line is less. A lone traveler is dozens of miles, and a group traveler is twenty miles. The person hanging is the cow's tongue, the person bending is the cow's rib, the person carving is the cow's tooth, the person standing is the cow's horn, and the cow holds up two shafts. People walk six feet, and cows walk four steps.
Liu Ma: The ribs are 3 feet 5 inches long, and the left and right sides are the same. The front axle hole is divided into four inches, the front foot hole is divided into four inches and five minutes, and there are two square capsules.
From the narrative in the book, the wooden cow is the equipment equivalent to the engine, and the flowing horse is just a device for loading things, which is equivalent to the car compartment.
From the structural point of view, the wooden cow adopts a power-assisted mechanism, and a flywheel mechanism may be added inside. Judging from his operation, there are gear mechanisms and crank-connecting rod mechanisms used in it. When people push the wooden cow, the crank-connecting rod mechanism inside drives the flywheel through the gear. After the flywheel is running, the inertia of the flywheel helps the wooden cow, thus achieving the purpose of saving labor.
Liu Ma's structure is actually a scooter, but the center of gravity and load-bearing parts are changed, which is more labor-saving than the previous scooter.
About this cow and that cow mentioned in the book, it's just the habit of China people to increase the mystery of wooden cows, as Zhouyi said, what the horse looks like and so on.
A wooden cow has four legs, which are actually wheels. There were no professional mechanical terms in ancient times, so the expressions of some parts were different from today.
There is speculation that wooden cows walk with their feet, but this requires a hydraulic mechanism, which is impossible under the conditions at that time. It is impossible to do it by hand. Because there are so many institutions used in this way, some institutions have not been invented at that time.
The reason why you can't walk with your tongue twisted is simple. There is an anti-reverse ratchet mechanism inside.
Of course, I only speculate according to the records in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. But it shouldn't be too far. I don't have detailed information about Liu Ma, a cow, at hand, but I guess from my experience.
There may be complicated imagination, but I think it is more reasonable, so the structure adopted is relatively simple, which is in line with the productivity situation at that time.
Our sages seem to join hands to keep the next eternal mystery to test the wisdom of our future generations.
R&D
The ancient mystery has attracted generations of mysterious explorers. Needless to say, since 1956, seven cow Liu Ma research societies have been established spontaneously all over the country. However, as a result of exploring riddles, the authenticity of ancient riddles itself is first doubted and denied, and a "unicycle theory" seems to be a thousand-year conclusion. As early as the Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng wrote in his Chronicle of Things: "A wooden ox flows a horse, and today's car has a front axle, and the horse is the only one to push it today." Mr. Fan Wenlan, a contemporary historian, thinks: "The wooden cow is a human unicycle with one foot and four feet." In a word, most researchers and archaeologists believe that the so-called wooden ox and flowing horse is not a miracle of creation, but the apotheosis of legends and the exaggeration and misunderstanding of the recorder.
However, there are always people who "love to death and never admit their mistakes", and firmly believe that the records in ancient books will not be false, and that there is indeed a wooden cow and a flowing horse and they are trying to create it. 1986 With the support of Xinjiang Institute of Technology and its mechanical department and the sponsorship of Japanese businessmen, Wang Kui, a senior engineer, made three wooden cows and flowing horses. Each one is a quadruped walker. You can put your hand on the two shafts at the back to make it walk. The fly in the ointment is that it does not have the load-bearing function, and once the luggage is crushed, it can't walk. The problem of walking with load has not been solved.
The opportunity to break through seems to be left to Guo Tongxiao, a farmer from Yangxian County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province.
Speaking of it, it was purely accidental that he made a wooden ox and a flowing horse. 1997 During the Spring Festival, the TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms was launched, and Guo Tongxiao got together with friends to watch it every day. When I saw the episode of Mu Niu Liu Ma, someone was very excited to see Guo Tongxiao and joked with him, "You like playing games. If you can play games with Mu Niu Liu Ma, I will serve you. " He agreed without thinking. And immediately put into the intense research and development work.
From the beginning, he firmly believed that Liu Ma, a wooden cow, should walk with legs instead of wheels, and only legs could climb the steps of the plank road. But how do you get your legs moving? He skillfully used the principles of lever and inertia in physics to design internal mechanisms such as lever-link structure, balance structure and pace structure, and it took only three months to trial-produce the first batch of floating horses.
This horse is 1.4m in length, 1. 1m in height, and 17.5kg in self-weight, and can carry 35 to 40kg. With a little traction or thrust, the horse can walk on both feet, and as long as the tongue is pressed, the action mechanism can get stuck, which is consistent with the description in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Although this first floating horse has a stride of only 20 cm and a load of only 35-40 kg, it gives a definite answer to an eternal mystery: Liu Ma the cow is not an exaggeration by the writer, a misunderstanding by historians, but a true historical truth!
In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang made wooden horses and cattle to transport grain and grass. Since ancient times, there has been no consistent view on what a wooden cow is like. There are various statements, but none of them is more in line with the original state. I think the reason is that machinery is not familiar with history, and machinery manufacturers have no habit of textual research.
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Huangdinan guided car "settled in" Huangdi Mausoleum
Xinhuanet Xi 65438+1October 6 (Reporter Xu Zuhua, Guo Feng) A compass car without metal parts and gears was unveiled at the Huangdi Mausoleum a few days ago and donated by the inventor to the Huangdi Mausoleum Administration.
Huangdinan compass is made of mahogany and high-grade hardwood. There are no metal parts and gears on it. The car body is all made of wood, and some parts are connected by cowhide or rope. The yellow emperor stood in the car, pointing to the south with one finger. No matter how the car runs, how it runs and how it is divided, it is amazing. The car has a height of 1.95m, a length of 2.05m, a width of 1.5m, a wheel diameter of 1.05m and a weight of about 54kg ..
Mr. Yue Zhiyong of the Huangdi Mausoleum Foundation said: "The Huangdi fought against Chiyou and built a south guide car to prevent the army from getting lost in the fog. At the same time, there are many records about the use of compasses in the history books, but no drawings and objects are left. "
Liu Haitao, a Hunan native, invented the compass of the Yellow Emperor. Liu Haitao, an engineer in a naval research institute, decided to recreate the compass to reveal the eternal mystery of the compass. After more than 30 years' efforts, he finally made a kind of compass car assembled with differential wheels by using wheel technology. After continuous improvement, Liu Haitao has successfully developed more than a dozen southern compasses, collectively known as "China Southern Compass". At present, four kinds of compass cars, Huangdi, Duke Zhou, Zu Chongzhi and Yan Su, have been launched, and the scientific and technological achievements of Huangdi compass car launched this year have won national patents.