Undeniably, commodities are the cells or elements of market economy. Today, with the rapid development of socialist market economy, the word "wealth" mentioned in the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China can not only be understood as a commodity body, that is, the use value of commodities, but should be regarded as a commodity composed of use value and value. According to Marx's labor theory of value, use value and value are two indispensable factors in the existence of commodities, which exist in commodities and are created at the same time in the process of commodity production. Furthermore, the use value creation and value creation of commodities are unified in the process of commodity production, and they are interdependent and inseparable. Therefore, the author believes that the "contribution" in distribution according to contribution should be understood as the "double" role of production factors such as labor, capital, technology and management in commodity production. If the factors of production are divided into labor factors (such as simple labor, scientific and technological work and management in complex labor forms, etc. ) and non-labor factors (such as land, capital, knowledge, etc. ), then the "dual" role here includes both the direct role of various factors of production in the creation of use value, that is, the production in which non-labor factors and labor factors jointly determine the use value, and the direct role of labor factors in the creation of value. It is the only source of forming value entity and the indirect function of various non-labor factors in value creation. It is the absorber of living labor, the basis or carrier of creating value by living labor, and plays a restrictive role in creating value. Let's talk about the role of production factors in the use of value creation and the role in value creation respectively. First of all, talk about the role of production factors in the creation of use value. In Marxist literature, the source of wealth is the source of use value, so the creation of use value here is the creation of wealth. Marxist economics holds that the labor process of producing and using value or material wealth has three elements: human labor, labor object and labor data. Human labor is important, but if there is no labor object or labor data, the creation of use value will be shelved. This is just as Marx said: "All kinds of commodity bodies are the combination of natural materials and labor. ..... Labor is not the only source of its use value, that is, material wealth. " Labor is the source of all wealth, "only when it contains labor and its corresponding meaning".
From the perspective of productivity, the three elements of the labor process can be summarized as two: human elements and material elements. Among them, the material elements refer to the means of production, including labor objects and labor materials. With the development of production, human factors and material factors will change, and the role and status of human living labor and means of production will also change. In a long historical period before the start of the scientific and technological revolution, people used extremely simple labor materials, and the object of labor was land and its products. The creation of use value or material wealth mainly depends on human labor, that is, the production and consumption of human brain, muscles and hands, and the role and status of technology, management and other factors have not been highlighted. However, from the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution to today, technology, management and other factors have played an increasingly important role in the production of material wealth and become the symbol of the development level of social productive forces. The application of new knowledge and technology in production, on the one hand, makes power system, machine system, transportation system and information in labor materials.
The information system is more advanced, which makes the scope of labor objects wider and has better performance; On the other hand, it will produce higher quality workers, managers and technicians. The combination of high-quality humanistic factors and efficient material factors has greatly improved the ability of human beings to dominate nature, and has broken through the limitations of natural resources to a certain extent, thus creating great productivity. Moreover, high-tech production activities need scientific management methods, and transnational multi-faceted operation formed by economic globalization needs strict and reasonable scientific operation, which makes management increasingly become an independent factor in the production process and a huge productivity. Management and scientific and technological work have become an important form of labor together. With the economic development of society, it is increasingly obvious that science has become the main driving force for creating material wealth, and the material basis for embodying scientific achievements in production is playing an increasingly important role, while the proportion of direct living labor is getting smaller and smaller. This just confirms Marx's prediction: "With the development of large industries, the creation of real wealth depends less on labor time and the amount of labor consumed, but more on the power of motivation used during labor time, and this motivation itself-their great efficiency-is not directly proportional to the direct labor time spent producing them, but on the contrary depends on the general scientific level and technological progress, or on the application of science in production." In some developed countries, the contribution rate of science and technology to economic growth has exceeded 70%. In addition, capital factors also play a very important role in the use value creation or material wealth production, which is more obvious in developing countries. According to Madison's analysis, during the period of 1950- 1965, the contribution rate of capital in 22 developing countries to economic growth was as high as 55%. As a developing country, China has made a transition to a market economy on the basis of a planned economy spanning the "Cafudin Valley", and has not gone through the natural process of capital accumulation and market economy, resulting in a serious capital shortage. Therefore, while attaching importance to the role of labor, science and technology, management and other factors, we should also emphasize the important role of capital factors in China's economic development.
Secondly, talk about the role of production factors in value creation. Marxist economics tells us that value is the undifferentiated general human labor condensed in commodities, and human living labor is the source of creating value. Human labor can be divided into simple labor and complex labor. The so-called simple labor usually refers to the labor paid by manual workers in commodity production, which can be completed by an ordinary person with normal body without special study and training. Compared with complex labor, simple labor plays a smaller role in value creation and has less materialized value in production. The so-called complex labor refers to the labor paid by mental workers in commodity production, which requires special study and training to complete. Under the condition of knowledge economy, it is mainly embodied in various intellectual labor such as technology and management as human ability. Scientific and technological workers, managers and other intellectual workers play the role of labor force engaged in complex labor in production, and this kind of labor force has high value because of its special study and training. "Since this kind of labor is of high value, it will also be manifested as higher-level labor, which will be materialized into more value in the same long time." Therefore, complex labor such as scientific and technological work and management should be regarded as "self-riding or equivalent to multiple simple labor, so a small amount of complex labor equals a large amount of simple labor."
In the era of knowledge economy, with the strengthening of labor intelligence, the requirements for learning and training are getting higher and higher. Contemporary complex labor is many times that of simple labor, and at the same time it will create much more value and create much more new value for society. But what needs to be pointed out here is that technology and knowledge themselves cannot directly create value. Only when they are mastered in production and released in the form of living labor is the source of value creation, while those drawings, designs, inventions and patents as scientific and technological achievements are the materialized results of human labor, so they cannot be regarded as the source of value creation. In addition, Marxist economics emphasizes that people's living labor is the source of value creation, but it does not deny the foundation or carrier role provided by non-labor factors such as land and capital for living labor to create value, which just illustrates this role. Take the financial factor as an example. Under the condition of market economy, capital not only becomes the material undertaker of value-the producer of use value, but also becomes the "direct absorber" of surplus value provided by labor. Marx said: "In this sense, capital can be regarded as a producer of surplus value." Marx also said that in the sense that capital creates a new form of land rent, capital is the "creator of value". While pursuing profits and improving labor productivity, capital reduces the necessary labor time and increases the surplus labor time, thus increasing the surplus value of the whole society and providing a material basis for the rapid development of society. It can be seen that although capital cannot directly produce value and surplus value, it always plays an important role in promoting the process of creating value and surplus value through labor.
Accordingly, we should understand the connotation of the contribution of production factors from two aspects: the role of production factors in the use value creation and the role in the value creation. Only in this way can we better explain why China implements labor, capital,
The principle that production factors such as technology and management participate in distribution according to contribution.