Confucius (September 28th, 55 1 year to April 28th, 479, 1 1 year) was named Zhong Ni, and the English language was Confucius, Kungze. Russian: конуций. My brother ranks second, so some people call him "Kong Laoer". At the end of the spring and autumn period, Lu people, Han people. Born in Changping Township (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) on September 28th, 55 BC1year (August 27th in the summer calendar); He died on April 1 1 day (February 11th of the lunar calendar) in 479 BC at the age of 72 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, Kong Lin.
His ancestors were aristocrats in the Song Dynasty, and they declined several generations before Confucius. Confucius worked as a few junior officials when he was young, but he spent most of his life on education. According to legend, he received as many as 3,000 disciples and 72 sages, and taught many knowledgeable and talented students. Confucius was a great thinker, politician, educator, founder of Confucianism and head of state of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Later, he took his disciples around the world; Finally, I returned to Shandong and concentrated on teaching. In China's 5,000-year history, Confucius has the greatest influence on the Chinese nation's character and temperament. When he was alive, he was known as "the sage of the heavens", "the muduo of the heavens" and "the sage of the ages". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. Qiu's name comes from his parents praying for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain. He wrote poems, books, rituals and music, and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals after Zhouyi. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations. Jiang Guanghui thought, "In the face of the fact that feudal lords fought endlessly and people were miserable in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius did not create an external, transcendental and all-knowing savior, and regulated people's thoughts and behaviors through the apocalypse and Oracle, but looked back at history and went to the ancient' holy king' to find wisdom. Confucius claimed to be "narrating without doing", in fact, taking "narrating" as "doing", and realized the superposition and transformation of values through the contemporary interpretation of historical traditions. He is upright, optimistic and enterprising, pursuing truth, goodness and beauty all his life and pursuing an ideal society all his life. His success and failure are related to his personality. His character has influenced China people for thousands of years, especially the intellectuals in China.
political career
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about various issues of governing the country and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but the doctor Yan Ying stopped him. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and his achievements were outstanding. He was promoted to a small ordinary, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos to take care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan's family accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, when Lu offered meat to the doctors after the sacrifice in the suburbs, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world.
Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.
In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.
Ideological characteristics
Angry and forgetful, happy and forgetful.
When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "You forget to eat when you are angry, but forget your worries when you are happy. I don't know that my old age is coming. " At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me". In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; If you don't take this road, you will accomplish nothing. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "
Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.
Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "A saint cannot learn, but never tires of teaching." Confucius learned that there was no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. So he said, "A threesome must have a teacher."
Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself.
help others
Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "A gentleman's adult beauty is not evil", and "Do your best until you die" are all his life principles.
Erudition and academic contribution
The essence of Confucius' thoughts and theories can be found in The Analects of Confucius, with 20 articles and more than 11,000 words. The Analects of Confucius is Confucius' quotations, some of which are records of Confucius' disciples' words and deeds, and are the memories of Confucius and his disciples' words and deeds. This book has a profound influence on the history of China. Its ideological content, mode of thinking and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives and cast our national character. The Analects of Confucius embodies the core connotation of Confucianism-benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are only the ultimate means to serve the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of China culture, The Analects of Confucius was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was also designated as a compulsory course for Japanese students in Japan. Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, and then it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, which were widely circulated in western countries.
Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the view of "not suffering from poverty, suffering from inequality". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with far-reaching influence.
When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches importance to the sufferings of people's livelihood, calls for benevolent governance, and hopes that rulers will treat people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than tigers", and he also stressed that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must first set an example. "They are upright and have no orders to do things; Its body is not right, although it cannot be done. " In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means being loyal to others and working hard; "Forgiveness" means putting yourself in others' shoes, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and "the beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult". In dealing with people and things, Confucius advocated self-love and love. Confucius was cautious about fate, and he believed in man's own strength. He believes that "sex is similar, learning from each other is far away", and everything depends on personal efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in The Analects that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, over-emphasis on hierarchical order, introverted personality value orientation, etc., which have undeniably brought negative effects on the development of China society and need us to correct them with modern consciousness. However, we can't hide our shortcomings. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization was just dawning, our ancestors had such profound wisdom in life that our descendants could be proud of it.
Educational contribution
Confucius, a cultural giant, has been teaching with poems, books, rituals and music since his birth, and has been teaching by example in his great personality. It was he who initiated private lectures in the history of our country and transplanted the phenomenon that cultural knowledge was the patent of nobles to the people. He first put forward the policy of "no class for all", and everyone, whether poor, humble or rich, can be educated there. Disciples are as poor as Yan Hui, as rich as Zigong and as expensive as Meng. However, most of them are children of ordinary people, and some of them have come to defend their country, such as Qi, Chen and Wu, which are really full of peaches and plums. Its teaching purpose is to spread his humanitarian theory. That is, self-denial and courtesy are benevolence, changing students' temperament, achieving personality, improving the realm of life, and finally achieving things. In other words, it is necessary to build a pillar of a country and the world. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and heuristic methods should be adopted to cultivate students' demeanor of "learning without tiredness", "learning without thinking", "thinking without learning is useless", "knowing what they know, not knowing what they don't know", "having a teacher for three people" and "not ashamed to ask questions". What's more, he is a tireless teacher, caring for students like a loving mother, guiding students like strict father, and learning from each other like friends, all of which are due to his talent. Such as Zi Xiao's stupidity, Lu Zeng's participation, Zhang Zi's extreme, and Lutz's vulgarity ... all became great events. Ceng Zi, in particular, was given the responsibility of preaching and became a saint. There are even outstanding people who divide Germany: Yan Hui, Min Zikai, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong. Language: Kill me, Zigong. Politics: Ran Qiu, Luz. Literature: Ziyou, Xia Zi, ten people. Confucius has three thousand disciples. Two out of seventy people are proficient in six arts. Therefore, the vast traditional culture can be popularized and passed down.
Because Confucius made great efforts in giving lectures, all the disciples felt that the teacher had worked hard. Therefore, all disciples sincerely admire them. They followed him, served him and defended him. They traveled around the world with him, enduring hardships and hunger without complaining. When someone slanders Confucius, they accuse him of "not measuring himself". When in danger, give your life to guard. After the death of Master, the disciples mourned for three years. Zigong lived alone for six years. His spirit of respecting teachers and valuing Taoism is still a much-told story. It is well-deserved for future generations to respect Confucius as the "most holy teacher". Many of his educational theories and methods are inexhaustible resources for today's educators. As we all know, there are 3,000 disciples of Mr. Kong Qiu, 70 of whom are proficient in the Six Arts. At that time, it seemed that there was no student status management system, so it was impossible to verify the names of these 3 thousand disciples. As for the seventy-two disciples who enjoyed the Confucius Temple, however, these gentlemen are all ancient figures. We look at them from a distance through thousands of years of history, just like looking at the immortals in the fairy fog, we can only look at them roughly and can't see the details. However, our ancient publishing industry was surprisingly backward. All documents are carved with a knife, and all kinds of efforts will inevitably lead to mistakes and even misinformation; What's more, there are so-called masters, who love to be far-fetched. They make mistakes, explain at random, even explain infinite meanings, and even regard them as irreparable classics. So it's ridiculous that three jackals commit suicide. If, unfortunately, there are two or more experts, each with a different version, then things will be even bigger and we must strive for each other. So ancient things are obviously the same thing, but we can see different or even opposite appellations and statements. For example, the name of the seventy-two saints of Confucius. Historical records? Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples and Family Stories of Confucius? The explanations given by the seventy-two disciples are authoritative materials, but they are quite different. For example, Zi Sheng is called Le Ke in Historical Records and Le Xin in family language. Disciple's name was Zheng in historical records, but it was renamed Xue Bang in ethnic languages. Confucius, for example, was good at flattery and married his brother's daughter to his son Rong. It is called Nangong Shu in The Analects of Confucius, Nangong Kuo in Historical Records and Nangong Tao in the family language. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. Almost all these phenomena are attributed to the mistakes in transmission and carving. Moreover, the lists in Historical Records and Family Language are not no less than 72 people. The history books list 77 people, and solemnly quote Confucius' words, "Seven people out of seventy are connected". Who knows if Confucius ever said this sentence? "Family talk" is even more ridiculous. The title clearly says "Interpretation by Seventy-two Disciples", but there are 76 people listed in it. Finally, it concludes: "More than 72 disciples of Confucius are all scholars." Lying with your eyes open, can't even count? Sima Qian said that "China storytellers compromised with Confucius", but this roster of Confucius disciples didn't know who to compromise with. Compared with the two, Historical Records went to Kong Qiu relatively recently, and it is famous for its true history. Confucius Family is a famous book named Confucius Family, but it has always been regarded as a fake book. When it was regarded as the Three Kingdoms, Wang Su revised it by copying previous letters and bamboo slips. Relatively speaking, it seems not as good as historical records. The two are relative, take the one closest to the truth. So I decided to compare it with the family language based on historical records. Of the 77 people listed by Sima Qian, it is hard to say that five are supernumerary. As for the five, I don't know. Here, please also ask Mr. Naturalist for advice.
Confucius' famous saying
If you don't learn manners, you can't stand it
Don't do unto others what you don't want done unto you.
If you want to be a man standing, you want to reach out and be a man.
Bow from thick and thin to blame others, which is to stay away from resentment.
How about seeing Si Qi? See Si Qi for introspection.
In a threesome, there must be a teacher, choose the good one and follow it, and change the bad one.
Respect life, respect deacons and be loyal to others.
A gentleman is respectful without loss, respectful to others, and brothers all over the world.
Words must be kept, and actions must be fruitful. Although it is a barbarian country, it must be done. Is it true that you are disloyal and disrespectful, although you are in a state?
Being ashamed of yourself, making it useful in all directions, and not humiliating life, is the scholar.
Confucius said, "It is a benevolent person to be able to do five things for the world." Please ask questions. Say: "public, tolerant, trustworthy, people, and benefit. Respect is not insulting, forgiveness is popular, faith is responsible, sensitivity is meritorious, and profit can make people. "
Gentleman's righteousness is quality, courtesy is action, sun is action, and faith is success. Gentleman!
If you don't change, it's too much!
If you pass, you will be anxious to change.
Don't get angry, don't cross the line.
The three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition!
If a person doesn't think about distant things, he will find sadness close at hand.
Make haste slowly. Haste makes waste; When you see a small profit, you can't make a big deal.
If you don't stick to morality and don't believe in morality, how can you exist and die?
Make friends and keep your word.
Take literature as your friend and benevolence as your friend.
There are three friends who benefit and three friends who suffer. Friends are frank, friends forgive and friends listen more, which is beneficial. Friends make friends, friendly and soft, and friends will be destroyed and damaged.
A gentleman talks but doesn't do it.
A gentleman should not worry about not having enough to eat, be prepared for danger in times of peace, be cautious in words and deeds, be honest and clean, and be thirsty for knowledge.
Clever words make color.
Clever words, fresh and kind.
Rigid, resolute, dull, lazy and close to benevolence.
Those who have virtue must speak, and those who have words don't have to cultivate themselves.
Listen to what you say and see what you do.
Don't attract people with words, don't waste words with people.
The ancients couldn't say it and were ashamed to bow their heads.
A gentleman's name must be said, and his words must be done. A gentleman's words are nothing but nothing.
You can speak in words without talking to them, which is a loss; Don't talk to it in words, it's rude. Those who know, don't lose people, don't lose words.
It's called impatience if you don't say it. If you say it or not, it's called hiding. If you don't see the color, it's called jealousy.
Kindness is not easy to learn, and its cover is also stupid; If you know well and don't learn well, your cover will waver; Honesty is not easy to learn, and its cover is also a thief; Straight board is difficult to learn, and the cover is distorted; If you are brave and study hard, your cover will be messy; It is difficult to learn, but it is also crazy.
Politeness and rudeness are tiring, caution and rudeness are embarrassing, courage and rudeness are chaotic, and integrity and rudeness are distorted.
Be a gentleman, respect his business before eating.
The use of ceremony is precious in harmony.
Do it for the benefit, but complain more.
Family history, genealogy
The sixth ancestor of Confucius was Kong Fujia, a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He worked as a Fu and was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court. His son Mu fled to Lu to avoid genocide. From then on, Kong settled down in the city and became a Lu native.
Confucius' father is called Ge (a word, and Ge is a name), and his mother is called Yan Zhizai. Shu Lianggan was a famous warrior in Lu at that time. He made two military exploits and worked as a doctor in Qiaoyi. Shu married Shi first, gave birth to nine daughters and no children. He married another concubine and gave birth to a son named Bernie, also named Meng Pi. There was something wrong with Meng Pi's foot, and Shu was very dissatisfied, so he married Yan Zhizai again. At that time, Shu was 68 years old and Yan Zhizai was less than 20 years old. According to historical records, Confucius was not born out of wedlock. His mother was only 18 years old when she was born, while his father was 70 years old.
Confucius was born in Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) in 55 1 year BC (the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain, they named it Qiuzi. When Confucius was three years old, he died, and the Confucius family became the world of historians. Historians are evil. Meng Pi's biological mother was abused by historians and died one year before her death in Shu. Confucius and his mother were not tolerated by historians, so Yan Zhizai, the mother of Confucius, had to move to Qufu Que with Confucius and Meng Pi, and her life was difficult. Confucius/kloc-died when he was 0/7 years old.
Confucius' father died when Confucius was three years old, and he lived a poor life with his mother ever since. Confucius used to do everything: herding cattle and sheep, keeping accounts and being a librarian. At the age of 22, Confucius' mother died, and he spent three years in mourning. At the age of 53, Confucius was promoted to Boy Scouts. After serving in Lu for two years, Confucius resigned because he was extremely dissatisfied with the politics of the vassal.
According to the Analects of Confucius, Lu was very prosperous under the governance of Confucius. But this is unlikely, because Confucius has never held an important position in Shandong or other countries. Legend has it that Qi, a neighboring country of Lu, was worried that being too powerful would threaten Qi, so in order to undermine the reform of Lu, he sent hundreds of good horses and eighty beautiful dancers to the princes of Lu. The princes of Lu indulged in ease and enjoyment, turned a blind eye to government affairs, and even did not go to court for three consecutive days. Not satisfied, Confucius embarked on a long journey (traveling around the world) and visited some small countries in north-central China, including Wei, Song, Chen and Cai. He preached his political beliefs, but no country implemented them. Confucius returned to his hometown to teach at the age of 68 and received many disciples. In his later years, he and his disciples compiled the Five Classics, which is the crystallization of inheriting the wisdom of the sages. Unable to bear the double grief of losing his son and working hard, Confucius died at the age of 72 (or 73).
Ideological orientation
Confucius thought became the orthodox thought in China's autocratic imperial society for more than 2,000 years after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty exclusively respected Confucianism. This is also due to the mutual demand between Confucius thought and imperial power. After the imperial power was respected in the past dynasties, the original Confucius thought was elevated to a sacred position, while other thoughts inconsistent with Confucius thought were suppressed, resulting in the singleness and rigidity of social thoughts, which eventually caused great obstacles to China's social development and formed rigid and even decadent ideas.
Finally, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the pioneers of China's new culture broke through the shackles of old ideas and advocated new ideas of new culture through their understanding of the world. In particular, the pioneer of the new culture represented by Lu Xun, in the ideological innovation of the Chinese nation, is the epitome of the new culture and new ideas since Confucius, and is called the soul of the Chinese nation.
After nearly a hundred years of wind and rain, Confucius has been knocked to the ground, and now he is beginning to know Confucius again. It can be said that it is a return to understanding. Push Confucius off the altar first, and then bring him back to the people, instead of worshipping him from above. This is what the real Confucius wanted.
Confucius and Lu Xun have both differences and some spiritual similarities. Lu Xun and Confucius are both representatives of intellectuals in China who have been searching for spiritual homes for generations. Even if they can't find them, they still have to look for them. Because for a long time, people always put Confucius and Lu Xun in absolute opposition. When holding Lu Xun, like during the Cultural Revolution, Lu Xun was used to beat Confucius; Now, Confucius is in a high position, so he beat Lu Xun with Confucius. It was Lu Xun who drove Confucius away, and now he wants to invite Confucius back. But are Confucius and Lu Xun really diametrically opposed and incompatible? What is their relationship? This is a question that we must answer.
There is no doubt that Lu Xun and the May 4th generation criticized Confucius a lot, and such criticism has two levels. First of all, their critical edge points to the "China-centrism" that sanctifies and relishes the traditional culture centered on Confucianism. In China at that time, it was this Chinese centralism that prevented China people from absorbing world culture. In the eyes of the pioneers of the May 4th Movement, it is urgent to open the floodgates of ideas and open them to the world. Therefore, it is necessary to break the cultural myth that traditional culture is absolute in ideological and cultural circles. At the same time, their critical edge points to the cultural absolutism that only respects Confucianism. In fact, since the late Qing Dynasty, the monopoly position of Confucianism has been shaken, and more and more scholars pay more attention to the contention of a hundred schools of thought. During the May 4th Movement, they promoted such efforts to break the monopoly and exclusive respect for consciousness.
Therefore, we can say that the pioneers of the May 4th New Culture Movement, including Lu Xun, actually did the work of "depoliticizing, moralizing and religiousizing", and they approved the ideological, moralizing and religiously "artificial Confucius". "Everyone asked Confucius to step down from the status of a saint and let him be an equal with a hundred schools of thought. What's wrong with that? Invisible, this is equivalent to restoring the true face of Confucius. "
Of course, there are differences between Lu Xun and Confucius, even major differences and differences in principle. From this perspective, Lu Xun also criticized Confucius. Confucius is a man who "cares about the country and the people and tries his best to persuade you to change evil and do good", so he wants to be a "national teacher" And Lu Xun doesn't even want to be a "mentor" (his reason is: I can't find my own way, how can I guide young people? ), let alone a "Buddhist". More importantly, Lu Xun had no illusions about the rulers. He once said that the ruler was in danger and the car was going to fall down. Don't help him, let him fall by himself. Confucius desperately wanted to help, but he wanted to help even if he didn't want to. Their attitudes towards the rulers are different. It's different. If you have criticism, you can criticize it. This is actually normal. Even now, different intellectuals often argue and criticize each other. But it doesn't prevent them from having something in common in other ways. Confucius is also "a person who has no power or influence and dares to criticize contemporary dignitaries". Of course, he tried to criticize within the system, while Lu Xun consciously criticized outside the system. This is really different, but he also has his own similarities in criticizing powerful people. The so-called "the same is different, and the difference is the same." We don't have to hide or exaggerate our differences.
Although Lu Xun and Confucius have different road choices, their indomitable exploration and pursuit, their courage, integrity, toughness and rational practice spirit all embody the most valuable spirit of China intellectuals. The two most difficult things in The Analects of Confucius: "Everyone has his own ambition, and nothing can be achieved" and "treating wealth like a cloud" are the essence of Confucius' spirit, and among modern intellectuals, Lu Xun is the best embodiment of this spirit.
We can say that from Confucius to Lu Xun, it actually constitutes a tradition. Our nation has finally produced a Confucius and a Lu Xun, which is the essence and precious heritage of national culture and should be the pride of our nation. However, starting from an abnormal cultural psychology, it is not only stupid, but also criminal to always oppose them and make an alternative choice. This is instructive for us to rethink "how to treat China's cultural tradition, from Confucius to Luxun's tradition".
As we all know, there are 3,000 disciples of Mr. Kong Qiu, 70 of whom are proficient in the Six Arts. At that time, it seemed that there was no management system for learning, and it was impossible to test the names of these 3,000 disciples. As for the 72 outstanding disciples who enjoyed the Confucius Temple, few people can tell them in detail. I am free today, so I will make a list of them and sort them out for my friends. It is useless to waste time and energy doing these things, and it is almost boring, just to make one or two friends laugh. If it can help scholars who are interested in Confucius to do textual research, it will be overjoyed.
However, these gentlemen are all ancient figures. We look at them from a distance through thousands of years of history, just like looking at immortals in fairy fog, we can only see the outline, but we can't see the details. However, our ancient publishing industry was surprisingly backward. All documents are carved with a knife, and all kinds of efforts will inevitably lead to mistakes and even misinformation; What's more, there are so-called masters, who love to be far-fetched. They make mistakes, explain at random, even explain infinite meanings, and even regard them as irreparable classics. So it's ridiculous that three jackals commit suicide. If, unfortunately, there are two or more experts, each with a different version, then things will be even bigger and we must strive for each other. So ancient things are obviously the same thing, but we can see different or even opposite appellations and statements. For example, the name of the seventy-two saints of Confucius. Historical records? Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples and Family Stories of Confucius? The explanations given by the seventy-two disciples are authoritative materials, but they are quite different. For example, Zi Sheng is called Le Ke in Historical Records and Le Xin in family language. Disciple's name was Zheng in historical records, but it was renamed Xue Bang in ethnic languages. Confucius, for example, was good at flattery and married his brother's daughter to his son Rong. It is called Nangong Shu in The Analects of Confucius, Nangong Kuo in Historical Records and Nangong Tao in the family language. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. Almost all these phenomena are attributed to the mistakes in transmission and carving. Moreover, the lists in Historical Records and Family Language are not no less than 72 people. The history books list 77 people, and solemnly quote Confucius' words, "Seven people out of seventy are connected". Who knows if Confucius ever said this sentence? "Family talk" is even more ridiculous. The title clearly says "Interpretation by Seventy-two Disciples", but there are 76 people listed in it. Finally, it concludes: "More than 72 disciples of Confucius are all scholars." Lying with your eyes open, can't even count? Sima Qian said that "China storytellers compromised with Confucius", but this roster of Confucius disciples didn't know who to compromise with. Compared with the two, Historical Records went to Kong Qiu relatively recently, and it is famous for its true history. Confucius Family is a famous book named Confucius Family, but it has always been regarded as a fake book. When it was regarded as the Three Kingdoms, Wang Su revised it by copying previous letters and bamboo slips. Relatively speaking, it seems not as good as historical records. The two are relative, take the one closest to the truth. So I decided to compare it with the family language based on historical records. Of the 77 people listed by Sima Qian, it is hard to say that five are supernumerary. As for the five, I don't know. Here, I also invite Mr. Natural History to teach me.