In recent years, the development of biotechnology has made great progress. The technology of gene isolation, amplification, recombination and somatic cell cloning was realized, and the structure and synergy of a certain protein were proved. Techniques such as virus-free rapid propagation, tissue culture, embryo transfer, embryo cutting and monoclonal antibody have entered the practical stage, and it is estimated that the output value will exceed $654.38+000 billion by 2000.
Scientists have shifted from sequencing a single gene to mapping the genes of important organisms such as humans and rice on a planned and large scale.
More than 6,000 valuable crop biotechnology research achievements have been put into field trials, and insect-resistant transgenic rice, corn, potato, cotton and pumpkin have been planted in large areas in the United States and Canada. There are more and more genetically modified crops in the United States. 1998 planted 70 million mu of genetically modified corn and soybeans, compared with a few years ago. The "super rice" cultivated by the Philippine International Rice Research Institute can be popularized in three years, which can increase rice production by 20%-25%. According to a recent report in the French Tribune, the textile industry has adopted biotechnology cotton that uses neither chemical fertilizer nor pesticide. Since 1996, the cotton used by Pata Gogna Company, which specializes in producing "outdoor clothes" in the United States, 100% is cotton produced by biotechnology. At present, the United States is the main producer of biological cotton in the world, with an annual output of 2,800 tons, followed by India (with an annual output of 930 tons), Turkey (with 800 tons) and Peru (with 650 tons). American scientists use biotechnology to make a mouse grow an elephant's egg, which can help save some endangered animals in the world in the future. Rats can be used as "factories" to make eggs of other animals, which can be used to fertilize endangered animals and get pregnant.
Due to the completion of the genome project and the progress of biotechnology, cancer patients in the future will not need to go through a painful treatment process, and they will use a treatment method based on gene screening. Genetic analysis will make it possible for doctors to evaluate the problem that chemotherapy kills both healthy cells and cancer cells at the molecular level, and make it possible for them to correct the specific conditions of different patients. Scientists are gradually unraveling the biochemical pathways of cancer, blood vessel blockage and Alzheimer's disease. They can transplant new genes into the human body to treat diseases. Many diseases that are harmful to human beings, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, AIDS, diabetes and so on. Will be effectively prevented, treated and controlled.
The birth of the innovative "Dolly" sheep has attracted great attention from people all over the world. Scientists believe that it indicates that "mankind will enter the era of cloning in 2 1 century". Dolly successfully gave birth to the first lamb in April this year, which shows that sheep cloned from mature cells can be pregnant and give birth to healthy lambs. PPL Pharmaceutical Company, which helped to clone Dolly sheep, also cloned a calf this year.
The theoretical knowledge system of comprehensive bioengineering major mainly includes genetic engineering, cell engineering, protein engineering, enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering and downstream technology of bioengineering. The main purpose of experimental teaching for undergraduates majoring in bioengineering is to cultivate students' basic scientific research quality and experimental skills in biochemistry, genetic engineering, fermentation technology and downstream technology of bioengineering. The separation and purification technology of biological substances is the main link of the downstream technology of bioengineering, so it is also one of the basic requirements of the teaching syllabus of bioengineering [1]. From the perspective of bioengineering technology industrialization, the downstream technology of bioengineering is the only way for bioengineering achievements to truly reflect productivity, and it is also the key to the success or failure of industrialization. At present, bioengineering products, especially functional proteins closely related to people's lives and health, are very expensive. The cost of a bioengineering research result in the whole large-scale production process is mainly reflected in the downstream separation and purification process. Generally speaking, the separation and purification process accounts for more than 70% of the total cost of bioengineering products. There are many technical means available in the process of separation and purification, mainly including cell crushing and solid-liquid separation technology, chromatographic separation technology, membrane separation technology and electrophoretic separation preparation technology. These technical means require the basic knowledge and practical experience of the operator. In fact, the quality of professional technicians often determines the success or failure of separation of biomaterials and the cost of separation. Therefore, for students majoring in bioengineering, mastering the basic separation and purification technology of biomaterials is not only the need for a deep understanding of theoretical knowledge, but also the urgent need for bioengineering professionals in bioengineering industrialization. At present, there are few complete experimental teaching materials for bioengineering, which can cover the main technical means of biological material separation.
Two-sidedness Some technologies are blocked by "ethical" reasons. Contraceptive techniques, for example, are banned, because Catholicism believes that sex without reproductive purposes is immoral. This kind of "ethics" is not universal and is not binding on people other than Catholics. It is "doctrinal ethics". The noise of banning human cloning is also based on this kind of doctrine and ethics, and there is no reason for us to follow the teachings and ethics only in the footsteps of the Pope. We can only avoid the application of technology that causes actual harm according to utilitarian ethics. Everything has two sides, and all benefits are accompanied by risks. We can only make a decision on the basis of weighing the benefits and risks.
Patentability
Patent abstract
The invention discloses a method for searching tumor-specific antigenic determinants presented by HLA receptors and recognized by CD4 positive lymphocytes or CD8 positive lymphocytes by using tumor samples and tumor penetrating lymphocytes collected from patients. The invention also discloses a method for screening the potential curative effect of cellular immunotherapy on patients of a specific race by using therapeutic vaccines or immunogens for cellular immunotherapy, tumor samples collected from patients and tumor penetrating lymphocytes; The invention also discloses a method for generating T lymphocytes with specific response to antigens or antigenic determinants through in vitro amplification, so as to carry out cell transfer and transfer therapy, or develop therapeutic vaccines to activate the cellular immune system.
Patent sovereignty clause
1. A method for finding tumor-specific antigenic determinants presented by HLA-like receptors and recognized by CD4-positive lymphocytes or CD8-positive lymphocytes by using tumor samples and tumor penetrating lymphocytes collected from patients, comprising: a. obtaining tumor samples from patients and preparing single cell suspensions; B, extracting CD4-positive lymphocytes or CD8-positive lymphocytes from single cell suspension, preparing limited diluted monoclonal antibodies, and amplifying these clones; C. Co-culture the expanded T lymphocytes with tumor cells, analyze the specific intercellular hormones in the supernatant, and find out T lymphocyte clones with tumor reaction; D, extracting mRNA from partial tumor samples of patients and constructing a cDNA library of transformed target cells; E, co-culturing tumor reactive T lymphocytes with target cell transformants, analyzing specific intercellular hormones in supernatant, and finding out tumor specific antigen genes; F, finding out the tumor-specific antigen determinant from the tumor-specific antigen gene.
Rules to be followed in scientific and rational use of technology
The original concept of technology is proficiency. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect, and skill is technology. Technology is far older than science. In fact, the history of technology is as long as that of mankind.
Broadly speaking, technology is the sum total of means, methods and skills created and developed by human beings to meet social needs. As social productive forces, the overall technical force of society includes technical skills, labor experience, information knowledge and physical tools and equipment, that is, technical talents, technical equipment and technical materials of the whole society.
The encyclopedia edited by French scientist Diderot gives a concise definition of technology: "Technology is a system of tools and rules that cooperate for a certain purpose." This technical definition basically points out the main characteristics of modern technology, namely, purpose, sociality and pluralism.
Any technology has a purpose from its birth. The purpose of technology runs through the whole process of technical activities. The realization of technology needs social cooperation, social support and various social conditions. These social factors directly affect the success or failure of technology and its development process. The so-called diversity means that technology can be manifested as tangible tools, equipment, physical materials and other hardware; It can also be expressed as intangible knowledge software such as processes, methods and rules, as well as information materials and design drawings. They are not matter but have material carriers. In modern technology as a material means and information means, skills have gradually lost their original position and role, but only an element of technology.
According to different functions, technology can be divided into productive technology and unproductive technology. Production technology is the most basic part of technology; Unproductive technologies, such as scientific experimental technology, public technology, military technology, cultural and educational technology, medical technology, etc. , is a technology to meet various needs of social life.
Generally speaking, the invention of technology is the materialization of scientific knowledge and empirical knowledge, which makes applicable theories and knowledge come true. The development of modern technology can not be separated from the guidance of scientific theory, and it has largely become a "scientific application". However, the development of modern science can not be separated from technology, and the need of technology often becomes the purpose of scientific research, and the development of technology provides the necessary technical means for scientific research. They are interrelated, promote and restrict each other. It can be predicted that their relationship will be closer and the boundaries will become blurred.
However, science and technology are two different social cultures after all, and the difference between them is also very obvious. The basic task of science is to know the world and make discoveries, thus increasing the wealth of human knowledge; The basic task of technology is to discover the world and make inventions to create human material wealth and enrich the spiritual and cultural life of human society. Science should answer the questions of "what" and "why"; Technology answers the questions of "what to do" and "how to do it". Therefore, scientific and technological achievements are different in form. Scientific achievements are generally manifested in concepts, laws, papers and other forms; Technical achievements generally appear in the form of process flow, design drawings and operation methods. Scientific products are generally not commercialized, but technological achievements can be commercialized. Modern technology has a strong utilitarian and commercial color.