What kinds of sheep feed additives are there?
Nonprotein nitrogen
Non-protein nitrogen includes the intermediate products of protein decomposition-nitrogen, amide and amino acid, as well as urea, biuret and some ammonium salts. The most common is urea. These non-protein nitrogen can provide nitrogen sources for rumen microorganisms to synthesize protein. The content of urea is 47%. If it is fully utilized by rumen microorganisms, 1kg urea is equivalent to the nutritional value of 2.8 kg crude protein, or 7 kg bean cake protein is equivalent to the nitrogen content of 26 kg gramineous seeds. Therefore, replacing part of feed protein with non-protein substances such as urea can not only promote the rapid growth of sheep, but also reduce the feed cost.
Feeding quantity and mode of urea
The feed rate of urea must be strictly controlled. Generally, the dosage should not exceed 65,438+0/3 of the crude protein in the diet, or 65,438+0% of the dry matter in the diet, or 0.02%~0.03% of the weight of sheep, that is, 2 g ~3 g of urea should be fed for every 65,438+00 kg of body weight. When in use, a certain amount of urea is first dissolved in water, and then mixed with concentrated solution, which is supplied 2-3 times a day. At first, the feeding amount was small, and after a transition period of 5-7 days, it was transferred to normal supply.
Matters needing attention in feeding urea
First, urea cannot be fed dry or alone. Usually urea is completely dissolved, sprayed on concentrate, mixed and fed.
Second, don't drink water immediately after feeding to prevent urea from directly entering abomasum, and you can't feed it on an empty stomach to avoid the high concentration of urea in rumen. At the same time, sufficient nutrients should be provided to rumen microorganisms, such as corn and sorghum with high starch content, so as to improve the reproductive ability of rumen microorganisms and accelerate their utilization of ammonia. In addition, adding calcium hydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate (sodium) to the diet can improve the level of sulfur and phosphorus and the utilization rate of urea. 3. Feed urea only when the dietary protein is insufficient (below 12%). When the dietary protein is sufficient, rumen microorganisms use organic nitrogen, but feeding urea will cause waste. Fourth, after feeding urea, it should be continued until the mutton sheep is fattened. Fifth, choose "safe non-protein nitrogen" products, such as Niuniuzhuang (also known as urea phosphate), biuret, isobutyl biuret and so on. These products can slow down the decomposition rate of urea in rumen, which is beneficial to the full utilization of ammonia by microorganisms.
Rescue of urea poisoning in mutton sheep
When the amount of urea is too large or the use method is improper, and the utilization rate of urea by rumen microorganisms is lower than the decomposition rate of urea, some ammonia will enter the blood circulation, and the blood ammonia concentration will increase, leading to ammonia poisoning. Once the sheep is poisoned by urea, the whole body is nervous, distracted, muscle tremors, dyskinesia, struggling, shouting, even lying down and choking to death. The first aid method can be intravenous injection of 10%~25% glucose, each time100 ml ~ 200 ml; Or neutralize ammonia with vinegar; Or take cold water to reduce the temperature of rumen fluid, thus reducing the decomposition of urea. Cold water can also dilute the concentration of ammonia and slow down the absorption rate of ammonia in rumen. It is best to take cold water and vinegar at the same time.
Trace elements in sheep fattening
Mineral trace elements can regulate the metabolism of energy, protein and fat, improve the feed intake of sheep, promote the digestion of nutrients, stimulate growth, and improve the weight gain rate and feed utilization rate. The addition amount of trace elements should be determined according to the nutritional needs of fattening sheep. Trace elements can be made into premix, and its formula is 803. 1 kg per ton of premix, 50 kg of ferrous sulfate, 6 kg of copper sulfate, 80 kg of zinc sulfate, 60 kg of manganese sulfate, 0.8 kg of cobalt chloride, 0. 1 kg of sodium selenite, and 10-60 g per sheep per day. Or make trace elements into salt bricks and let sheep eat freely. Generally, adding trace elements can increase the weight gain 10%~20% compared with not adding trace elements.
Vitamin additive
Because sheep rumen microorganisms can synthesize B vitamins, vitamin K and vitamin C, they do not need to be added separately. However, adequate vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E should be provided in the diet to meet the needs of fattening sheep. The use of vitamin additives should be carried out according to the nutritional needs of sheep, and in the case of insufficient vitamins in feed, appropriate amounts should be added. Generally, 20 kg ~30 kg lambs need 200 ~ 210 international units and 57 ~ 61international units every day. When supplementing vitamins, we should also pay attention to the interaction with trace elements. Most vitamins and mineral elements can interact and fail, so it is best not to mix them together to prepare premix, or to prepare minerals and vitamin premix with embedded dosage forms of vitamins.
Oxides of rare earth elements
Rare earth is the general name of yttrium, scandium and all lanthanides in the periodic table *** 17. It can be used as feed additive for livestock and poultry production with good feeding effect and high economic benefit. Zhang Yingjie et al. conducted a feeding experiment of adding rare earth to small-tailed Han sheep. Under grazing and supplementary feeding conditions, each sheep in the experimental group was added with 0.5g of rare earth nitrate for 60 days. The results showed that the average weight of sheep in the rare earth group increased by 1 1.2% compared with that in the non-rare earth group, and the economic benefit was remarkable. Zhang Qiru reported that the fine-wool sheep were fed with rare earth additives at the dosage of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight for 3 months, and the castrated sheep fed with rare earth increased by 2.07 kg, an increase of 55.49%. The average hair length increased by 0.3 cm, increasing by 12.5%. Wang Anqi reported that adding 0.2% rare earth to the diet of weaned and fattened sheep increased the daily gain by 17. 1%, saved 0.4 1 kg of feed per kilogram of gain, and increased the feed conversion rate by 14.29%.
Rare earths commonly used as feed additives include nitrate rare earth, chloride rare earth, vitamin C rare earth and carbonate rare earth.
Bentonite
Bentonite belongs to bentonite, which is a kind of clay with montmorillonite as the main component. The main components are calcium 10%, potassium 6%, aluminum 8%, magnesium 4%, iron 40%, sodium 2.5%, zinc 0.0 1%, manganese 0.3%, silicon 30%, cobalt 0.004%, copper 0.008% and chlorine 0.3%. Bentonite contains mineral elements beneficial to livestock and poultry, which can change the activity or immune response of enzymes and hormones, be beneficial to livestock and poultry, adsorb harmful poisons and gastrointestinal bacteria in vivo, be beneficial to human health and improve the production performance of livestock and poultry. Zhang Shiquan reported that during the grazing period 100 days, Inner Mongolia fine-wool sheep aged 2-3 years were fed with 30 grams of bentonite and 0/00 grams of water every day. Compared with the control group, the wool length of sheep fed with bentonite increased by 0.48 cm, and the shearing amount per square cm increased by 0.0398 g.
Rumen elements
Monensin, also known as monensin, is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cinnamon fermentation. Its function is to control and improve the rumen fermentation efficiency by reducing the energy loss of methane gas and the loss of protein degradation and deamination of feed, so as to improve the weight gain rate and feed conversion rate. The experimental study showed that the daily gain of sheep fed with rumen hormone in the house increased by about 35%, and the feed conversion rate increased by 27%. Feeding rumen hormones to growing goats increased daily gain 16%~32% and feed conversion rate 13%~ 19%. The amount of rumen hormone added is generally 25 mg ~30 mg per kilogram of dry matter in the diet, which is evenly mixed in the feed. The initial feeding amount can be lower, and then it will gradually increase.
buffering agent
The purpose of adding buffer solution is to improve rumen environment, which is beneficial to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. During intensive fattening of mutton sheep, the concentrated feed increased, the roughage decreased, and too many acidic substances were formed in the rumen, which affected the appetite of sheep, inhibited the rumen microflora and weakened the digestibility of feed. Adding buffer can increase the accumulation of alkaline substances in rumen, neutralize acidic substances, promote appetite, improve feed digestibility and weight gain rate of sheep. Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide are commonly used as buffers for fattening mutton sheep. The addition of sodium bicarbonate accounts for about 0.7%~ 1.0% of the dry matter of the diet. The addition of magnesium oxide is 0.03%~0.5% of the dry matter of the diet. Buffer should be added from less to more, so that sheep have an adaptation process. In addition, adding sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide at the same time is better.
Dihydropyridine
Its function is to inhibit the peroxidation process of lipid compounds, form a protective layer of liver, inhibit the cell tissue in livestock, have some functions of natural antioxidant vitamin E, and improve the absorption and utilization of carotene and vitamin A in livestock. Zhou Kai et al. conducted an experimental study on the weight gain effect of dihydropyridine on growing sheep. The experimental sheep mainly graze, and the weight of one-year-old sheep can be increased by 8.54 kg when 200 mg dihydropyridine is added to each kilogram of concentrate during supplementary feeding, which has remarkable economic benefits. When using dihydropyridine, we should avoid light and heat and avoid mixing with copper ions, because copper is a particularly strong oxidant. If mixed with some acidic substances (such as citric acid, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, etc. ), the effect can be enhanced.
Enzyme preparation enzyme
Protein, produced by living cells, has special catalytic ability, is a biocatalyst and plays an important role in the digestion of feed nutrients. It can promote the hydrolysis of protein, fat, starch and cellulose, improve the utilization rate of feed and promote the growth of animals. If cellulase is added to feed, it can improve the decomposition ability of cellulose in sheep and make full use of cellulose. Li Jingyun et al. reported that each ewe and fattening male lamb added 25 grams of cellulase every day. After 45 days, the daily gain of ewes was 29.55 grams higher than that of the control group, and after 32 days, the daily gain of lambs was 34.06 grams higher than that of the control group. The slaughter rate of fattened male lambs increased by 2.83%, and the net meat weight increased by 65438±0.80kg.
Chinese herbal medicine additive
Chinese herbal medicine additive refers to a substance that natural Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal medicine extracts or other processed residues are added to feed to prevent diseases, improve physiological conditions and promote growth. Zhang Yingjie et al. conducted an experiment on fattening male lambs of small-tailed Han sheep with Chinese herbal medicine additives. Chinese herbal medicines (Radix Astragali, Fructus Hordei Germinatus, Fructus Crataegi, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, Areca catechu, etc. ) for scientific collocation, add 15g to each sheep every day. After feeding for two months, the average weight of the experimental group increased by 2.69 kg compared with the control group, and the incidence rate decreased significantly.
bacitracin
Zinc bacitracin zinc is an antibacterial and growth promoter. It can promote the growth of livestock and poultry, facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the intestine, improve the utilization rate of feed and increase weight. The dosage of lamb is 0/0 ~20 mg/kg mixture (420,000 ~ 840,000 units). Evenly mixed and fed in feed.
Olaquindox
Olaquindox, also known as Kuaiyuling and Peyo Nuo, is a synthetic antibacterial agent. Olaquindox can affect the metabolism of the body and promote the assimilation of protein. After eating, olaquindox is excreted mainly through the kidneys within 24 hours. When used in an effective dose, it has extremely low toxicity, safety and little side effects. Through experiments at home and abroad, the daily gain of lambs increased by 5%~ 10%, and the feed was saved by 6% per unit gain. Usage and dosage: evenly mixed in the feed, and the amount of olaquindox added to the daily dry matter of each kilogram of lamb is 50 mg ~80 mg.