There is a poem that says "finding chapters and carving insects" shows the difficulty of reading and the great significance of understanding. Tao Yuanming, a great writer, also said, "Reading is not for understanding, but for gaining and rejoicing", which shows the difficulty of reading.
The most important thing in classical Chinese is to break sentences and read meanings. If you can't learn, you are what others say, and he remembers how others read and break. This kind of person is also called reading, but the crooked-mouthed monk recited the scriptures and read all the articles askew.
If you want to learn, try to figure it out yourself. After reading it, the meaning will come out, and the meaning will come out.
Nowadays, there are punctuation marks in classical Chinese, but those who don't have punctuation marks should also think carefully and find the meaning of sentence break.
How did the ancients learn? Memorize it first. We have read this book a hundred times and the people have memorized it. It must be much better. The rest of the bad thing is to listen to others, and the good thing is to discuss and explore by yourself.
All right. That's all.
2. How to understand ancient classical Chinese? You said that you can read the three-character classics and other books, which shows that your classical Chinese skills and understanding ability are good.
As for you saying that you can't understand the Art of War, it's normal. Those who use the art of war also use the book of art of war. This is a book that the ancients used to learn how to fight. Since it is a book for study, it has a certain degree of professionalism, just like professional books such as medical books now, which are not understandable by ordinary people who can read, because there will be some special terms in it.
For a normal person who doesn't have much knowledge in this field, these nouns are naturally a bit foggy, and so are you when you read The Art of War, because you are equivalent to a normal scholar in ancient Chinese knowledge. Besides, you don't know much about military strategists, so you can't understand them.
For example, I said that the enemy soldiers were lost. If you know that missing words means disorderly arrows, then you naturally know that I am talking about enemy chaos.
If you are interested in these things, you can only read more books about ancient wars and learn more about military strategists, and then you will naturally understand. Of course, if you want to read something so professional, it should be like this, just like a philosophical book like Tao Te Ching.
To understand it, of course, we must first understand the words and methods used by the ancients in expounding philosophical knowledge. Tao Te Ching is the work of Laozi.
It's hard to really understand. If you want to study deeply, I suggest you read more things in Zhuangzi first.
Zhuangzi is the successor and promoter of Laozi's spirit. Because Zhuangzi likes to reason in the form of fables, and Zhuangzi's things are easy to understand, this is also the biggest reason why I recommend you to learn the Tao Te Ching from Zhuangzi.
3. How to learn to read classical Chinese When learning classical Chinese, we must pay attention to the usage of many function words such as "zhi, hu, zhe, ye, yi, Yan, zai" in different contexts, and pay attention to verbs, adverbs, adjectives, etc.
When I have accumulated to a certain extent (according to my experience, it is more than one semester), when I read ancient Chinese, I know some uncommon content words, so general reading is not a problem. Read more, recite more, accumulate more, and you will get better gradually.
As for the introductory textbook, the text in the textbook is the best and the difficulty is moderate, which is suitable for beginners. When you are good at learning, you can refer to ancient prose, 300 poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, small windows, night talk around the stove and so on.
I wish you a happy study! First, speak like a book. Chewing on words means reading and studying every word and sentence carefully and understanding it thoroughly.
Chewing words is a serious and important job. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following two points.
(1) Explain the meanings of words, meanings and sentences. Cheng Hao, a scholar in Song Dynasty, said: To read a text, you must first understand its meaning, and then you can ask its meaning.
Literally means the meaning of words and sentences, which is very superficial. To understand the meaning of the text, we must first remove the obstacles of the text, which is a thing that cannot be ignored.
In particular, some words and sentences seem easy to understand at first glance, but they are specious in real understanding. You have to understand everything, especially junior high school students need to understand the meaning of every word, such as the sentence in lesson 16 of the two-volume textbook Wolf: When I was a child, a wolf walked away and its dog sat in front. Less time: a little while.
Path: front, front: front. After a while, one of the wolves went straight away, and the other wolf squatted in front like a dog.
The poet Cang Kejia has been studying "China's view of ancient literature" for decades. He said: I read those ancient books with dense circles and dense notes. I am very serious. In order to eat up the taste of the books, I don't miss a word.
Writer Sun Li has been reading Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio for fifteen years. He just recited, read and pondered carefully, without exception, so as to apply what he had learned. The importance and necessity of speaking like a book.
(2) Break through the barriers of individual writing. As the saying goes, the thief gets the king first, and the whole sentence is easy to understand. Before reading, put forward specific requirements for students: combined with the notes under the text, try to say the general meaning of each sentence, and mark the meaningless places with question marks to prepare for improving quality. On the basis of being familiar with the text, junior high school students will first break the difficult words in the sentence.
Second, the reading method China has a fine tradition of reading poetry, and learning classical Chinese is also inseparable from the reading method. There are two kinds of reading: reciting and reading aloud.
The former is quiet and rhythmic reading, and the latter is also called reading aloud, which means reading aloud. China's excellent classic works are profound in artistic conception, exquisite in language, sonorous in tone and harmonious in sound and rhyme. They are very musical and suitable for reading.
Reading helps to think. When reading, you must use your mouth, your eyes, and your heart will touch your mouth. Reading is to turn written language into spoken language, so when reading, pay attention and don't be distracted. You should listen to your heart, read your mouth, listen to your ears, think in your heart, and experience the content and artistic conception of the article while reading.
Climbing mountains is full of feelings, and watching the sea is full of feelings. Instructing students to read repeatedly can not only appreciate the beauty of the scenery, but also understand the author's writing intention.
In class, students are not only required to read repeatedly, but also pay attention to teaching students the methods of reading. Instruct students to read texts from easy to difficult levels, and strive to achieve three levels of reading.
(a) is accurate and clear reading, the so-called correct and reasonable is the sentence read clearly, reasonable rhythm. To reach the most basic reading level, the key is to practice casually at ordinary times. (2) Fluent reading means fluent sentences and sonorous phonology. For example, there are many antithetical sentences and four sentences in Peach Blossom Garden, which have a sense of contrast. For example, if a forest runs out of water, a mountain with a small mouth will appear.
(3) It is realized on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text at a higher reading level. Reading aloud should be done naturally on the basis of familiarity with reading aloud.
We should read widely and intensively, as Su Dongpo said: read seven out of three poems. A good study will get twice the result with half the effort.
After junior high school students learn the above two methods and form habits, they can help themselves to dredge the meaning of the text and develop the habit of sorting out special classical Chinese phenomena in the text, and many a mickle makes a mickle. As long as the method is proper, we will make these obscure and static classical Chinese activities into an audible, visible and tangible artistic conception, laying a solid foundation for further study in the future.
The study of classical Chinese in junior high school is just "reading, memorizing, without making specific requirements". The study of classical Chinese in senior high school should not only "memorize", accumulate language materials, increase perceptual knowledge, but also guide students to accumulate relevant knowledge of classical Chinese words and expressions.
Only by attaching importance to the accumulation of basic knowledge such as classical Chinese words can we effectively cultivate students' ability to read simple classical Chinese. In view of this, how should we learn classical Chinese? First of all, learning classical Chinese should achieve "three more": reading more, reciting more and practicing more.
The ancients learned classical Chinese by heart. Recite 300 Tang poems, and you can recite them even if you can't write poems! Although we don't have to shake our heads like the ancients, their habit of attaching importance to reading is undoubtedly worth learning and learning from. When we say "read more", we should not only read textbooks, but also read books. If there is an opportunity, we should also read as many works in classical Chinese as possible, such as Four Books, Five Classics, and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, so as to broaden our horizons as much as possible.
"Recite more" means that all the texts that need to be memorized must be memorized by letters, and it is best to write them down word by word, and even punctuation marks should not be wrong! You must not think that this is just "rote learning". If you can persist, then, imperceptibly, you will naturally master the ancient language habits and methods of choosing words and making sentences, and your ability to read classical Chinese will naturally be cultivated. "Practice more" is one of the shortcuts to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. We should not only complete the after-school training seriously, but also do more classification training of related words, so as to broaden our horizons and improve our comprehensive quality.
Secondly, learning classical Chinese should not only learn to attend classes, but also pay attention to preview and review. Preview before class.
4. How to read classical Chinese Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching. Classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Students often ask how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination. I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
If you want to learn ancient literature, the goal is to write like the ancients and understand classical Chinese like the ancients. Without a teacher, self-study is still very difficult. Classical Chinese is difficult to read and too difficult to write. Not only should you be very familiar with the usage of the old saying, but you should also develop such a habit. For example, if you live in China now and want to write a wonderful article, most people can't. It's because although we all know Chinese, can speak and write Chinese, and have heard and read some books, we don't have the literacy and knowledge accumulation to write a wonderful article. How much more ancient prose? Now we don't even have such a language environment, and even some Chinese teachers have a little knowledge of ancient literature, so teaching students is half a bottle of vinegar.
For example, the most familiar sentence: Confucius said: "It's not dangerous to learn when it's time?" ? "There are many explanations, and different teachers have different explanations.
So I don't think you should aim at writing at present. If you aim at this, it may take ten or twenty years or even a lifetime to learn it, otherwise what you write will only make people laugh and give generously.
Anyway, if you have no foundation and no teacher at all, you might as well start with something simple. For example, you should try to buy a junior high school textbook counseling book, such as "New Curriculum Standard Junior High School Reading Book: Ancient Chinese (3rd Edition)", which is relatively easy to choose, with keyword analysis, phonetic notation, interpretation and so on. Although the translation of these notes may be really inaccurate, it is relatively easy for beginners to get started.
In addition, if you really want to learn ancient literature well, reference books are essential. Buy an ancient Chinese dictionary. The one in the Commercial Press is the best. If it is expensive, you can buy the student version first.