It should be said that mvc originated from smalltalk, and now basically all programming languages will use it more or less, and c++ is no exception, depending on how you implement it.
If we say c++ framework, it will only be more than java, not less. It is precisely because there are too many that there is a lack of mainstream and standards. The growth process of java and c++ is completely different. Java can directly provide a huge well-implemented class library, covering all aspects, because virtual machines provide a platform-independent middle layer, while c++ is committed to providing standards and can be freely implemented. Therefore, the standard library of c++ can only provide basic tools, but cannot provide system-related functions. Mfc is Microsoft's c++ framework, borland c++ and devc++ also have their own development frameworks, and Qt and other general cross-platform platforms are also very popular. There are also professional frameworks, such as the osg framework for 3d graphics, which basically covers all fields. What you said about spring and hebernate is only about the web and database, although spring is actually a very common pattern tool.
To learn java well, c++ should be effortless, just learn it step by step, and basically find a c++ primer and so on.