Architectural calculation:
Perimeter calculation formula:
Rectangular perimeter = (length+width) ×2 C=2(a+b)
Square perimeter = side length ×4 C=4a
Circumference = π× diameter C=πd C =2πr
Circumference of a semicircle = half of the circumference+diameter πr+d
Area formula:
Rectangular area = length× width S=ab
Square area = side length x side length S=a2
Parallelogram area = base × height S=ah
Triangle area = base × height ÷2 S=ah÷2
Trapezoidal area = (upper bottom+lower bottom) × height ÷2 S=(a+b)h÷2.
Area of circle = π× square of radius S=πr2
Side area of cylinder = bottom circumference × height S=Ch.
Surface area formula:
The surface area of a cuboid = (length× width+length× height+width× height )× 2s = (AB+AH+BH )× 2.
Surface area of cube = side length × side length× 6s = 6a2
Side area of cylinder = bottom circumference x height S=C h
Surface area of cylinder = lateral area+bottom area ×2 S=S side +2 S bottom.
Volume formula:
Cuboid volume = length× width× height V=abh
Cube volume = side length x side length x side length V=a3
Cylinder volume = bottom area × height V=Sh
Cylinder volume = half of lateral area × radius V=Ch÷2×r=2πr÷2×r=πr×r).
Cone volume = bottom area × height ÷3 V=Sh÷3 or 1/3Sh.
1, given the triangle base a and height h, then S=ah/2.
2. Given three sides A, B and C of a triangle, then (Helen formula) (p = (a+b+c)/2) s = sqrt [p (p-a) (p-b) (p-c)] = sqrt [(1/655].
3. Given two sides A and B of a triangle, the included angle between the two sides is C, then S= 1/2 * absinC, that is, the product of the two sides is multiplied by the sine value of the included angle.
4. Let the three sides of a triangle be A, B and C respectively, and the radius of the inscribed circle be R, then the triangle area =(a+b+c)r/2.
5. Let the three sides of a triangle be A, B and C respectively, and the radius of the circumscribed circle be R, then the triangle area =abc/4R.
6. S △ =1/2 * | AB1||| C D1| E F1||| AB1| is a third-order determinant, and this triangle ABC is in the plane rectangular coordinate system A (.Here ABC |) If you don't follow this rule, you may get a negative value, but it doesn't matter, just take an absolute value and it won't affect the size of the triangle area!
7. Helen-Qin Jiushao triangle median area formula: s = √ [(Ma+MB+MC) * (MB+MC-Ma) * (MC+MA-MB) * (Ma+MB-MC)]/3 where Ma, MB and MC are the median length of the triangle.
8. Find the area according to the trigonometric function: S=? ab sinC=2R？ sinAsinBsinC= a？ SinBsinC/2sinA note: where r is the radius of the circumscribed circle.
9. Find the area according to the vector: sδ) =? √(|AB|*|AC|)？ -(AB*AC)？ .
10. In the rectangular coordinate system, the area of triangle ABC is S=|AB×AC|/2, that is, the area s is equal to half the modulus of the cross product of vector AB and AC.
Architectural terminology and name solutions, etc. ：
1, what is the plot ratio?
A: The plot ratio is the proportion of the total construction area of the project to the total land area. Generally expressed in decimals.
2. What is the building density?
A: The building density is the ratio of the total base area to the total land area of the project. Generally expressed as a percentage.
3. What is the greening rate (green rate)?
A: The green rate is the proportion of the total green area of the project to the total land area. Generally expressed as a percentage.
4. What is the sunshine interval?
Answer: The sunshine distance is the distance between the front and rear buildings according to the sunshine time requirements. The calculation of sunshine spacing is generally based on the height of the wall above the window sill at the bottom of the house at noon from winter to Sunday.
5. What is the difference between architecture and structure?
A: All houses or places where people can produce, live or engage in other activities are called buildings, such as apartments, factories and schools. Buildings that people do not produce or live in are called structures, such as chimneys, water towers and bridges.
6. What are the "three major materials" of architecture?
A: The "three major materials" of architecture refer to steel, cement and wood.
7. What are the three parts of the construction and installation cost?
Answer: The cost of construction and installation consists of three parts: labor cost, material cost and machinery cost.
8. What is a unified modular system? What are basic modulus, extended modulus and fractional modulus?
(1), the so-called unified modular system is a set of basic rules formulated in order to realize the standardization of design, so that the dimensions of different buildings and branches are unified and coordinated, making them universal and interchangeable, thus speeding up the design, improving the construction efficiency and reducing the cost.
(2) The basic modulus is the basic size unit selected in modulus coordination, expressed in m,1m =100 mm.
(3) The expansion modulus is a derivative modulus, and its value is a multiple of the basic modulus. Expansion modulus * * *, including 3M(300mm), 6M(600mm), 12M( 1200mm), 15M( 1500mm), 30M(3000mm) and 60m (60000mm). The larger dimensions in a building, such as width, depth, span and column spacing, should be multiples of a certain expansion coefficient.
(4) Fractional modulus is another derived modulus, and its value is a fractional multiple of the basic modulus. There are three kinds of modulus * * *, namely110m (10mm), 1/5M(20mm) and 1/2M (50mm). Smaller dimensions in a building, such as cracks, wall thickness, structural joints, etc. , which should be a multiple of a certain modulus.
9. What are the mark size, structural size and actual size?
(1), the mark size is used to mark the distance (width and depth) between building positioning axes and the size between the position boundaries of building products, building components and related equipment. The size of the sign shall conform to the provisions of the modular system.
(2) Structural dimensions are the design dimensions of building products and building components. The structural size is less than or greater than the sign size. Generally speaking, the structural size plus the reserved gap size or minus the necessary support size is equal to the sign size.
(3), the actual size is the actual size of building products and building components. The difference between the actual size and the structural size shall be the allowable building tolerance value.
10, what is the positioning axis?
Answer: Positioning axis is a line used to determine the position of the main structure or component of a building and its dimension.
1 1, what is horizontal and vertical? What are the horizontal and vertical axes?
(1), horizontal, refers to the width direction of the building.
(2), longitudinal, refers to the length of the building.
(3) The axis set along the building width direction is called the transverse axis. Its numbering method is to use Arabic numerals to write in the shaft circle from left to right.
(4) The axis along the length of the building is called the longitudinal axis. The numbering method is to write in the shaft circle with capital letters from top to bottom (the letters I, O and Z are not used).
12. What is the width and depth of the house?
A: A studio refers to the width of the house and the distance between the two horizontal axes; Depth refers to the depth of the house and the distance between the two longitudinal axes.
13. What is the height of the story? What is clear height?
Answer: The height of a building refers to the height of the building, from this floor or ground to the next floor or ground; Clear height refers to the clear height of the room and the height from the ground to the lower skin of the ceiling.
14, what is the total height of the building?
Answer: The total height of the building refers to the total height from the outdoor terrace to the top of the cornice.
What's the altitude? What are absolute elevation and relative elevation?
(1), the height difference between a certain part of a building and a certain water reference point is called the elevation of that part.
(2) Absolute altitude is also called altitude. In China, the average sea level of the Yellow Sea near Qingdao is set as the zero point of absolute elevation, and the elevations all over the country are based on this.
(3) The relative elevation is zero (+0.00) based on the ground of the indoor main room on the first floor of the building, indicating the height of a place from the ground on the first floor.
16. What is the building area, usable area and utilization rate? What are traffic area and structural area?
(1), the construction area refers to the product of the length and width of the building multiplied by the number of floors. It consists of usable area, traffic area and structural area.
(2) The usable area refers to the net area of the main building and the auxiliary building (the net area is the product of the net size obtained by subtracting the wall thickness from the axis size).
(3) Utilization rate, also called occupancy rate, refers to the percentage of usable area in the construction area.
(4) Traffic area refers to the net area of traffic facilities such as walkways, stairs and elevators.
(5) Structural area refers to the area occupied by walls and columns.
17, what is the red line?
A: The red line refers to the construction area granted by the planning department to the construction unit. Generally, it is circled on the drawing with a red pen, which has legal effect.
18, how to classify buildings?
The grades of buildings are classified according to durability grade (service life) and fire resistance grade (fire resistance life).
(1), according to the durability grade, * * * is divided into four levels: level 1, with durability of 100 years; Grade ii, durability of 50~ 100 years; Grade III, with durability of 25-50 years; Grade 4, with durability below 15 years.
(2) According to the fire resistance grade, * * * is divided into four levels: from the first level to the fourth level, the fire resistance limit of the building gradually decreases.
19, what is a brick-concrete structure?
Answer: The vertical load-bearing components of the building are brick walls or brick columns, and the horizontal load-bearing components are reinforced concrete floors and roof slabs. This structure is called brick-concrete structure.
20. What is a frame structure?
Answer: Frame structure refers to the skeleton composed of columns, longitudinal beams, beams and floors as the load-bearing structure, and the wall as the enclosure structure.
2 1, what is a shear wall?
Answer: Shear wall refers to the wall added to the frame structure to resist horizontal shear force. Because the horizontal shear force to be resisted by high-rise buildings is mainly caused by earthquakes, shear walls are also called seismic walls.
22. What is a framework? Shear wall structure?
A: Framework? Shear wall structure means that the vertical load is shared by the frame and shear wall; The horizontal load is borne by the frame 20%~30% and the shear wall 70%~80%. The length of shear wall is designed according to the standard of 50mm per square meter of the building.
23. What is a full shear wall structure?
Answer: The full shear wall structure is a structure that uses the inner wall (or outer wall) of the building as the load-bearing skeleton to bear the vertical load and horizontal load of the building.
24. What is the cylinder structure?
Answer: The tube structure evolved from the frame-shear wall structure and the full shear wall structure. Tube structure is a closed space tube formed by concentrating shear wall or dense column frame into the interior and periphery of the house. It is characterized by concentrated shear walls and large space for free division, which are mostly used in office buildings.
25. What is a steel structure?
A: Steel structure refers to the structure in which the main load-bearing members of a building are made of steel. It has the characteristics of light weight, high strength, good ductility, fast construction speed and good seismic performance. Steel structure is mostly used in super high-rise buildings, and the cost is high.
26. What are the advantages and disadvantages of frame structure compared with brick-concrete structure?
Advantages: (1), light weight: the weight of brick-concrete structure is1500kg/m2; If the frame structure adopts lightweight board (aerated concrete partition, light steel keel partition, etc.). ), its weight is 400 kg ~600 kg/m2, which is only 1/3 of the brick-concrete structure. (2) Flexible room layout: The load-bearing structure of the frame structure is the frame itself, and the wallboard only plays the role of enclosure and separation, so the layout is more flexible. (3) Increase the effective area: the wall of the frame structure is thinner than that of the brick-concrete structure, which relatively increases the usable area of the house.
Disadvantages: (1), the steel consumption is about 30% higher than that of brick-concrete structure, and the cost is higher than that of brick-concrete structure. (2) The section size of some columns is too large, which will protrude from the wall and affect the appearance.
27. What's the difference between foundation and foundation?
(1), the foundation is the soil layer below the foundation, and its function is to bear all the loads from the foundation.
(2) The foundation is the load-bearing component of the building buried under the ground, and it is an important part of the building. Its function is to bear all the loads handed down by the building and transfer these loads to the soil below together with its own weight.
28. What is the buried depth of the foundation? What are deep foundation and shallow foundation?
(1), the buried depth of foundation refers to the vertical distance from the outdoor design terrace to the bottom of foundation.
(2) The foundation buried more than 5 meters is called deep foundation; The foundation with a buried depth of 0.5m ~ 5m is called shallow foundation. The buried depth of foundation shall not be less than 0.5m ..
29, the foundation of the building can be classified according to which three different methods?
(1). According to the materials used, it can be divided into brick foundation, rubble foundation, concrete foundation and reinforced concrete foundation.
(2) According to the structural form, it can be divided into independent foundation, strip foundation, well pattern foundation, plate foundation, mat foundation, box foundation and pile foundation.
(3) According to the mechanical properties of the materials used, it can be divided into rigid foundation and flexible foundation.
30. What is a moistureproof layer?
Answer: In order to prevent underground moisture from rising along the wall and surface water from eroding the wall, waterproof materials are used to separate the lower wall from the upper wall. This barrier is the moistureproof layer. The position of the moistureproof layer is generally 60mm~70mm below the first floor indoor floor (+0.00), and the elevation is-0.06 m ~-0.07 m. ..
3 1, what is a foot? What is kicking? What are their functions?
Answer: (1), the lower part of the external wall near the outdoor terrace is called foot binding. The role of constraint feet is to prevent the erosion of groundwater and rainwater dripping from eaves, thus protecting the wall surface, ensuring indoor dryness and improving the durability of buildings. The height of column foundation is generally the height difference between indoor ground and outdoor ground. (2) Kicking is the structure that the inner side of the outer wall and both sides of the inner wall are connected with the indoor ground. The function of kicking the foot is to prevent the wall from being polluted when sweeping the floor. The kick height is generally 120mm~ 150mm.
32. What is aproll? What is an open ditch? What is its function?
Answer: aproll is a drainage slope near the lower part of Lejiao; Open ditch is a drainage ditch set near the foot of the tap. Their function is to quickly drain the rainwater dripping from the eaves and prevent the building from sinking due to the infiltration of accumulated water into the foundation.
The terrace is a structural member that the ground floor of the building contacts with the soil layer, which bears the load on the terrace and transfers the force to the foundation. Generally, it is mainly composed of surface layer and base layer.
Foundation drilling: a method to judge the nature of soil by using the principle of free fall of heavy objects to a certain height, then penetrating the probe into the soil, and then recording the important penetration depth times. Solder is the tool used.
Additional shaft numbers are used for non-bearing walls and secondary load-bearing members. Positioning axis is mainly marked on bearing walls and columns with large bearing area, and additional sub-axes are marked on bearing secondary components (walls or columns) or non-bearing components with relatively small bearing area.
The function of stairwell antechamber:
First, it can play the role of smoke prevention;
Second, it should be able to buffer the crowded stairwell, that is, it can accommodate some evacuees to take refuge in the front room for a short time;
The third is to be able to put a stretcher when rescuing the wounded;
4. It can put down the necessary fire fighting equipment.
Plane coefficient refers to the ratio of usable area to building area. Generally, the usable area of a house is equal to the sum of usable areas of all functional spaces in a suite, and the usable area of each functional space is equal to the sum of horizontal projection areas surrounded by the inner surface of the wall of each functional space, while the actual usable area of the room is the area excluding the structural structures such as walls and columns and the insulation layer. The construction area is calculated according to the horizontal projection area surrounded by the outer surface of the external wall structure and the outer edge of the column or the axis of the adjacent boundary wall. When the external wall has an external thermal insulation layer, it shall be calculated according to the external surface of the thermal insulation layer. The usable area is generally smaller than the building area, so the plane coefficient is less than 1.
Generally speaking, the plane coefficient of high-rise residential buildings is low, about 70%, while that of multi-storey residential buildings is about 80%. This is mainly because compared with multi-storey residential buildings, the public building area of high-rise residential buildings is larger, such as the equipment floor, elevator shaft, water tank room, staircase swing space and so on.
In the upper left corner of the current national standard, UDC stands for Universal Decimal Classification, which is an internationally popular document classification.
The letter P on the cover of the structure specification indicates the first-class category specified in the China standard literature classification: project.
Design change is in the process of engineering construction, in order to ensure the quality of design and construction and improve the engineering design. Correct design errors and design modifications to adapt to changes in site conditions. Generally, there are two kinds of design change notice issued by the design unit and design change contact form approved by the original design unit with the consent of the construction unit. In the process of construction, construction enterprises encounter some unexpected specific situations in the original design and need to deal with them. At the disclosure meeting, the practice of changing the construction drawing was proposed by the construction enterprise and the construction unit and agreed by all parties. After several parties sign for confirmation, it belongs to design change. Therefore, the design unit or construction unit is responsible for adding new drawings or design change instructions.
Cantilevers are generally made into variable sections for three main reasons:
1, the need of structural calculation and material saving. Cantilever beam is also called cantilever beam, and its root bending moment is the largest. The most effective way to resist the bending moment is to increase the calculated height of the section, and the bending moment at the end is zero, so there is no need to resist the bending moment. This change from maximum to minimum can be accommodated by variable cross section, which not only meets the requirements of structural calculation, but also saves materials. 2, the demand for beauty. Fat beam, fat column and deep foundation are the expressions commonly used in the construction industry to describe the ugliness of architecture. To defect lightly is like "writing like looking at a mountain, not liking peace".
2. Brick-concrete structure is a mixed structure, which consists of reinforced concrete beam-column slab and other components. Brick-concrete load-bearing components are mainly walls (although there are structural columns and ring beams, their function is to strengthen integrity, not load-bearing). The mode of force transmission is that the floor transmits force to the wall, and the wall transmits force to the foundation in the form of linear load. Suitable for small bay depth, small room area, multi-storey or low-rise buildings.
Frame structures are mainly frame columns, and frame beams bear loads. The way of force transmission is: the load acts on the floor, and the floor transmits the force to the beam. Because the beam rests on the column, the force is transferred to the column, and then the column is transferred to the foundation. That's it. The wall only plays the role of separation and enclosure. It is suitable for buildings with large width and free room type, and the cost is higher than that of brick-concrete buildings.
The most essential difference is that the load-bearing members are different. The main load-bearing component of brick-concrete structure is wall, and the main load-bearing component of frame is column beam.
Comparatively speaking, frame structure is superior to brick-concrete structure in earthquake resistance, stability and building toughness. In terms of earthquake resistance, the frame structure system has good rigidity and strength, and it is a flexible structure. However, the masonry structure in brick-concrete structure is relatively heavy, which makes the masonry structure bear a relatively increased seismic force, and is composed of brittle materials, with poor tensile and shear strength, poor ductility and low deformation resistance, and the construction quality of masonry structure is difficult to control, which is easy to cause damage to the structure.
Plane integral representation
I. Overview:
1, the generation of flat method:
Traditional domestic design methods are inefficient and the quality is difficult to control. Japan's structural drawings do not have detailed details of joint structure, and the detailed details of joint structure are redesigned by the construction company (construction unit), with high design efficiency and guaranteed quality. The structural design of the United States only gives the reinforcement area, and the specific reinforcement method is done by the construction company. Therefore, the traditional design method in China must be reformed.
2, flat method principle:
Design process: design structural system > structural analysis (mechanical analysis) > structural construction drawing design.
Structural design is a kind of commodity, which has use value and is a special commodity. It can be divided into creative labor and repetitive labor (non-creative labor). At present, the structural engineer completes the creative design part (creative labor), and the node structure and the structure outside the node are not the results of the structural engineer's labor, but the copied specifications. (Note: The node structure can't be worked out, but it has been tested by researchers. The traditional one-component orthographic representation confuses creative work with non-creative work, and the design of internal and external structures of nodes belongs to repetitive work (non-creative work). Based on this, the idea of structural standardization and structural standardization has emerged, and creative design is expressed by digital and symbolic expression, that is, plane overall expression. The overall design method of plane includes two parts: representation and standard drawing. After the standardization of joint structure, the labor force of construction company increased.
3, the application of flat method:
199 1 September, leveling method began to be applied to projects in Shandong, and leveling method began to be popularized. The structural drawing is applicable to all parts, and it is on the floor plan, so it is convenient to go anywhere. After the introduction of the Ping Law, there were three kinds of people: those who resolutely supported, resolutely opposed and made no statement. Later, they contributed patents to the country and became national standards. Flat method is for professionals engaged in structural design and construction, which improves the scientific and technological content and prevents non-professionals from understanding it. The reform of design methods has also promoted the improvement of the technical level of construction units. Flattening method is a revolution in the field of structural design, which can improve the efficiency by more than two times and improve the unreasonable staffing situation of structural departments in China. At present, there are 3 architects and structural engineers 1 person.
Second, the column flat method:
1, define the problem:
(1) The embedded parts refer to the basement roof, and the structures below the ground (including the basement) are classified as foundation structures (to be published in the atlas). The stirrups below the embedded parts are also included in the foundation structure, and are not included in this drawing set.
(2) The total cross-section of column reinforcement is column cross-section area b×h, and the total cross-section of beam reinforcement is effective cross-section area b×h0, where h0 is the value after 35mm single-row reinforcement and 60mm double-row reinforcement of beam high buckle.
(3) The protective layer protects a surface and a line, not a point. Let all steel bars complete the 360 wrapping of concrete.
2, steel problems:
(1) Steel bars should be overlapped in the non-encrypted area of stirrups. In the case of full-height encryption, the above provisions can be broken, avoiding both ends and connecting in the middle area. When welding column rebar, the grade difference between two rebar shall not exceed two levels. If the grade difference exceeds two levels, it can be replaced by equal parts.
(2) When two steel bars cross *, two steel bars are allowed to lean together, because the points lean together, and the line and surface are considered in the grip method.
(3) When the column top falls, the steel bars will be directly connected. If there is no beam at the top of the column, 12d bending is not needed. As far as possible, the column reinforcement shall be closed in the node style as shown in Figure B, and the edge shall be closed outwards, so as to reduce the degree of reinforcement blockage in the column, and the column reinforcement can be effectively closed.
(4) The combination of column stirrups is very reasonable, and there are no more than two layers of steel bars at any local overlapping position, so as to minimize the probability and length of two steel bars appearing side by side. Because there is a hidden seam in the middle when two steel bars appear side by side, there is a hidden danger, and the concrete cannot support the steel bar 360. Column stirrup is wrapped with the largest stirrup first, and the rest can be all braced, and the main reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement must be pulled.
(5) The concept of lacing is different from that of single-limb stirrup, and it is not necessary to hook all the steel bars (longitudinal bars and transverse bars), but lacing must hook all the steel bars.
Three, the shear wall flat method:
1, define the problem:
Shear walls resist lateral horizontal earthquakes, and the seismic thinking is: shear wall-> column (1 line -> 2 line). Corner reinforcement is not allowed to overlap at the corner. The reinforcement should match the edge as far as possible to form end columns and concealed columns, which are also part of the shear wall. The reinforcement areas at the bottom of the shear wall reinforcement do not overlap.
2, steel problems:
(1) The stirrups that constrain the edge members are large, but the stirrups that construct the edge members are small. When the concealed column of the shear wall is very long, the horizontal reinforcement and stirrup of the shear wall extend to the end of the shear wall, unless otherwise specified by the designer. The horizontal bar of shear wall extends into the end column by an anchoring length (refer to the frame column for end column calculation).
(2) The beam at the top of the shear wall is the top beam of the wall, and the stirrups are inserted into the wall. The horizontal layer of shear wall must be placed on the outside, and the vertical reinforcement should be placed on the inside.
(3) Stirrup of concealed beam: the vertical reinforcement of shear wall and stirrup of concealed beam are on the same horizontal plane. The frame beam enters the shear wall to form the frame beam BKL.
(4) Cross-braced stirrups According to the labeling and structural requirements, cross-braced stirrups are half of the wall thickness, and cross-braced steel bars are used when the wall is thin. Try to use thick column reinforcement, not too thick beam reinforcement.
(5) portal reinforcement and horizontal reinforcement of shear wall: the horizontal reinforcement is fastened to reinforce the longitudinal reinforcement, and the reinforcement should not be placed outside; Strengthening transverse steel bar with vertical steel bar buckle column. The reinforcement of the opening is placed inside the horizontal and longitudinal reinforcement of the shear wall. The hole reinforced dark beam is 400 meters high, which is the middle to medium size of stirrups (two stirrups should be added when calculating), and the width is the same as that of dark Liang Kuan. The longitudinal reinforcement of shear wall is anchored in the hidden beam of reinforcement, which is a rigid strip and forms a complete edge sealing.
(6) Coupling beam: a kind of beam used on shear wall, which is divided into floor coupling beam (floor coupling beam) and roof coupling beam (wall top coupling beam). Coupling beam and coupling beam are not bounded, and coupling beam is not used in flat method. Tension beam is a special kind of beam, which is neither a frame beam nor an ordinary beam.
Fourth, Liang Pingfa:
1, define the problem:
(1) The frame beam is a beam with columns at both ends, columns at one end and supporting beams at the other end. It can't be a frame beam (non-frame beam), so it can't be treated purely as a non-frame beam. It should be treated as a frame beam at one end and a non-frame beam at the other end.
(2) The concept of long steel bar and through steel bar: it is not a steel bar (not a steel bar with the same diameter), but a way to form steel bars by overlapping.
(3)ln/3 or ln/4 belongs to the structural regulations; The design stipulates that the breakpoint of negative bending moment reinforcement will grow another section where reinforcement is not needed, which is not operable; Under normal circumstances, ln/3 or ln/4 can meet the structural requirements, but not under special circumstances. (Note: There are no exact values in engineering analysis, only control values. )
(4) Horizontal section reinforcement ≥0.4lae, vertical section reinforcement 15D. If the above requirements cannot be met, the reinforcement should be thinned (replace the reinforcement with the same area).
2, steel problems:
(1) The method of twisting longitudinal reinforcement (N reinforcement) and longitudinal structural reinforcement (G reinforcement) of the beam: N reinforcement is anchored as tensile reinforcement, and the anchorage hoop of G reinforcement is12d; G-shaped bars are structural bars, with one bar within 200 in the beam height direction, and N-shaped bars are set as required. (Note: The reform of steel bars in the side structure is great: in recent years, there are many side cracks in the beam. Adding more structural steel bars on the side can reduce the side cracks of the beam, but I don't think it makes sense. )
(2) Welding and overlapping of steel bars at nodes should be avoided. It is suggested that steel bars should not be connected at nodes, but anchored. The reinforcement at the lower part of KZL joint of frame beam cannot be disconnected, because the reinforcement is in tension here.
(3) Cross beam: any crossing is not a support; Whether to add stirrups at the intersection of beams is up to the designer. If stirrups are to be set, they should be set at the intersection of two beams in four directions.
(4) Height of steel hanger: The steel hanger should not only cover the secondary beam, but also hook the second row of steel bars under the main beam (when the first row of steel bars can't be hooked) or the third row of steel bars (when the second row of steel bars can't be hooked), that is, the height of steel hanger is the height of the main beam. .
Overview of verbs (abbreviation of verb):
1. Design sequence: foundation (plane supporting member)-> column, wall-> (vertical supporting member)-> beam (horizontal supporting member)-> plate (plane supporting member).
2. When making a budget, it is necessary to make clear the question of "who is whose support", that is, the foundation beam is the support of columns and walls, columns and walls are the support of beams, and beams are the support of plates. Column rebar penetrates and beam enters the column (anchorage); Through the beam reinforcement, plate into the beam (anchor); The reinforcement of JCL main beam of foundation beam is all through.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd